---
type: source
title: "Tesla Builds Last Model S and Model X at Fremont, Converting Factory Line to Optimus at 1M Units/Year Capacity"
author: "EVXL / CNBC / Electrek / Not A Tesla App"
url: https://evxl.co/2026/05/10/tesla-last-model-s-x-fremont-optimus/
date: 2026-05-09
domain: robotics
secondary_domains: [manufacturing]
format: thread
status: unprocessed
priority: high
tags: [Tesla, Optimus, humanoid-robots, Fremont-factory, manufacturing, Model-S, Model-X, production-ramp]
intake_tier: research-task
---

## Content

**Tesla Model S/X Final Production:**
- Last Model S and last Model X ever produced at Fremont: **May 9, 2026**
- Model S ran 14 years at Fremont; Model X ran 11 years
- Custom orders closed end of March 2026
- Remaining 350 cars: Signature Edition (250 Model S Plaid + 100 Model X Plaid), invitation-only for long-time customers
- Signature Edition delivery ceremony: May 12, 2026 at Fremont

**Factory Conversion Timeline:**
- The Fremont assembly space (former Model S/X lines) is being converted to manufacture Optimus
- First Optimus production: **late July / August 2026** (Fremont)
- Production line design: **1 million units/year capacity** (replacing S/X lines)
- Second Optimus factory at Giga Texas: construction underway, production ~summer 2027

**Q1 2026 Earnings Context (April 22, 2026):**
- Musk declined to provide any 2026 production target — "literally impossible to predict" given 10,000 unique parts across entirely new production line
- Initial skills: "simple skills in the factory" before building up
- Initial output will be "quite slow"
- Gen 3 (V3) reveal pushed to "probably middle of this year" (not Q1 as expected) — Musk: "will unveil closer to start of production"
- Capital commitment: Tesla signals $25B+ 2025-2026 capex including Optimus factories

**Q1 2026 Earnings — What Musk Didn't Say:**
- When asked how many Optimus robots Tesla actually has and how many are doing useful work: **Musk did not answer**
- Earlier context (from separate reporting): As of early 2026, Optimus robots are "only used for moving batteries in Tesla's battery workshops, with efficiency less than half that of human workers"
- Musk claimed "2 Optimus bots performing tasks in factory autonomously" in June 2024 → as of Q1 2026 call, no updated count given

**Tesla Optimus 2025 Target Miss:**
- January 2025 prediction: "roughly 10,000 Optimus robots" by year-end
- Musk revised target down to 5,000 at March all-hands
- Actual delivery: "hundreds" — **>90% shortfall**

**Hardware Issues (from supplier feedback reporting):**
- Overheating in some joint motors
- Low load capacity in dexterous hands
- Short lifespan of transmission components
- Limited battery life

## Agent Notes

**Why this matters:** Tesla literally built the last of its flagship car line yesterday (May 9) and is converting the factory to humanoid robots. This is the most consequential physical bet on humanoid robotics in history: a company with actual manufacturing capability betting its production capacity on a technology with zero commercially-deployed units doing useful work today. The contrast between the bold factory commitment (1M unit/year capacity) and the current state (zero useful robots, missed 2025 target by >90%, Musk refusing to give 2026 numbers) is the defining data point for the hardware-vs-software binding constraint analysis.

**What surprised me:** The hardware challenges revealed by supplier feedback are NOT cost issues — they're engineering reliability issues. Overheating joint motors, low-capacity hands, and short-lifespan transmission components are quality/durability failures, not cost threshold problems. This directly complicates Belief 11's framing that "hardware cost threshold" is the binding constraint. Tesla Optimus suggests the constraint is hardware RELIABILITY and CAPABILITY, not just cost.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Expected Musk to give at least a rough 2026 production target (even "low thousands"). The complete refusal to quantify suggests Tesla doesn't know its own production capacity for a novel 10,000-part product it's never built before. This is the honest acknowledgment of what a first-of-kind manufacturing scale-up actually looks like.

**KB connections:**
- three conditions gate AI takeover risk (and positive impact): autonomy, robotics, production chain control — Tesla is betting $25B+ that robotics condition will be met; current state (zero useful units) vs. aspirational state (1M/year) represents the largest gap between commitment and capability in the sector
- knowledge embodiment lag: the 2-year gap between "hardware ready" and "commercially deployed" seen in Atlas is being compressed into a single aggressive factory conversion bet by Tesla. Whether the lag can be compressed by institutional will vs. technical readiness is the question.
- the atoms-to-bits spectrum: Optimus is designed around Tesla's FSD AI stack — it's an attempt to translate driving-environment AI (structured, with massive training data) to manipulation AI (unstructured, with scarce training data)

**Extraction hints:**
- CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Tesla's 2025 Optimus production miss (target: 10,000 units; actual: hundreds) combined with supplier-reported hardware failures (overheating motors, low-capacity hands, short-lifespan transmission) suggests the binding constraint on humanoid robot deployment is hardware RELIABILITY and CAPABILITY rather than hardware COST — a scope correction to claims framing the constraint purely as a cost threshold"
- CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Tesla's conversion of its Fremont Model S/X lines to a 1-million-unit-per-year Optimus factory (May 2026) represents the largest single manufacturing capacity bet on humanoid robotics in history, with first production targeted July/August 2026 from an entirely new 10,000-part production line"
- FLAG: The contrast between Tesla's factory commitment and current operational state (zero useful robots) is a divergence candidate with Figure AI's BMW deployment (Gate 1b confirmed). Two different approaches to crossing the robotics threshold — one betting on factory-scale production, one betting on AI architecture.

**Context:** Tesla's Q1 2026 earnings call was April 22, 2026. Tesla is the only major humanoid robotics company that is also a volume automobile manufacturer — giving them unique manufacturing infrastructure but also making them dependent on translating automotive manufacturing expertise to a fundamentally different product.

## Curator Notes (structured handoff for extractor)
PRIMARY CONNECTION: three conditions gate AI takeover risk autonomy robotics and production chain control (robotics is the binding condition; this source defines where Tesla sits on closing it)
WHY ARCHIVED: The Tesla factory conversion + 2025 target miss + hardware reliability failures is the most important evidence set for scoping Belief 11's "hardware cost threshold" claim. The constraint is not cost — it's reliability and capability. This distinction matters enormously for the timeline.
EXTRACTION HINT: Focus on the hardware RELIABILITY failures (not cost) as the scope correction to Belief 11. The factory conversion decision is the most concrete physical commitment to humanoid robotics in history — archive as high-confidence future production ramp claim with very uncertain 2026 timeline.
