# Research Musing — 2026-05-08

**Research question:** What is the current IFT-12 launch readiness status — has the FAA investigation from the IFT-11 anomaly closed, enabling the May 15 target? And what does the Outer Space Institute's CRASH clock model predict about LEO debris stabilization — is cascade inevitable at current trajectory or does it predict a stabilization regime?

**Belief targeted for disconfirmation:** Belief 3 — "Space governance must be designed before settlements exist." Specific disconfirmation angle: searching for evidence that LEO can SELF-STABILIZE without proactive governance intervention — specifically, that the CRASH clock model shows a stabilization regime at some future satellite population level. If the Outer Space Institute model finds that debris growth self-limits below a cascade threshold, the "governance design window urgency" weakens — natural system dynamics provide a buffer the KB's existing claims don't acknowledge.

**Secondary disconfirmation target (Belief 2):** Belief 2 — "Launch cost is the keystone variable, and chemical rockets are the bootstrapping tool." The IFT-12/V3 question is a genuine falsifiability check: if Raptor 3 underperforms in-flight or V3's upper stage fails reentry again, the sub-$100/kg thesis is set back significantly. IFT-12 is the primary 2026 data point for Belief 2.

**Specific disconfirmation targets:**
(a) Outer Space Institute model showing LEO self-stabilization without active debris removal (would weaken Belief 3's urgency)
(b) FAA investigation timeline: if investigation remains open past May 15, IFT-12 slips further — this weakens the "Starship is on track for 2026 key milestones" framing in Belief 2
(c) Any Raptor 3 in-flight anomalies or ground test failures post-April 15 static fire that would threaten IFT-12 readiness

**Context from previous sessions:**
- May 7: IFT-12 NET pushed to May 15 (from May 12); FAA investigation from IFT-11 anomaly opened ~April 2. Static fires complete April 15-16 (full V3 vehicles)
- May 7: CRASH clock at 2.5 days (May 4, 2026); May 7 designated "Outer Space Institute stabilization model" as the active thread to pursue
- May 7: SpaceX 1M satellite FCC comment analysis designated for May 18-22 session alongside S-1 public filing
- April 30 queue: S-1 financial details already archived ($11.4B Starlink revenue, 63% margins, $1.75T target valuation, Starship = "speculative option value")
- April 30 queue: IFT-12 status archived (static fires complete, FAA investigation open as of April 30)
- The S-1 already frames Starship as "speculative option value" vs. Starlink as the core business — this is a Belief 1 partial disconfirmation (market treats SpaceX as Starlink company, not Mars company)

**Why this question today:**
1. IFT-12 is 7 days away (May 15 NET). This is the last research session before the launch. Status verification is time-critical.
2. The CRASH clock stabilization model (Outer Space Institute) is the designated active thread from May 7 and fills the specific gap — not just the data point but the underlying model
3. Both questions directly test beliefs: IFT-12 → Belief 2, OSI model → Belief 3
4. The S-1 public filing (May 18-22) and post-IFT-12 analysis will consume the next two sessions — today must fill today's gaps

**Research approach:**
- Search: "IFT-12 FAA investigation closed May 2026" / "Starship IFT-12 launch date FAA cleared"
- Search: "Outer Space Institute CRASH clock LEO stabilization" / "Darren McKnight OSI debris cascade model"
- Search: "LEO debris cascade self-stabilization model altitude" / "Kessler syndrome avoided natural stabilization"
- Search: "SpaceX IFT-12 May 15 update 2026"

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## Main Findings

### 1. IFT-12: FAA INVESTIGATION CLOSED — LAUNCH NET MAY 15 FROM OLP-2 WITH REVISED TRAJECTORY

**Disconfirmation target (Belief 2): NOT FALSIFIED — STRENGTHENED.**

FAA has provided final flight-safety approval for Starship IFT-12. The IFT-11 mishap investigation (opened April 2, 2026) is now closed. Key facts:

- **NET: May 15, 2026 at 22:30 UTC** (launch windows May 12-18, daily 5:30 PM CT, 2-hour window)
- **First OLP-2 (Orbital Launch Pad 2) inaugural launch** — second launch complex at Starbase
- **Revised trajectory:** More southerly departure over Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean; debris falls in open ocean if mishap. Booster 19 splashes in Gulf, Ship 39 in Indian Ocean
- **No booster catch attempt:** Booster 19 splashdown in Gulf; future reuse validation deferred
- **Polymarket 91% odds** of successful launch (as of May 7, 2026)
- **Vehicle status:** Booster 19 (all 33 Raptor 3) and Ship 39 full static fires complete April 15-16
- **Block 3/V3 significance:** First fully Raptor 3-equipped Super Heavy; increased propellant capacity vs V2; ~3x payload in full reuse mode vs V2. Upper stage reentry survival is the key test — no V2 Ship survived reentry

**Belief 2 verdict:** STRENGTHENED. FAA cleared the hard gate. The revised trajectory (more southerly, open ocean debris zone) suggests SpaceX incorporated IFT-11 mishap lessons into flight planning even before investigation formally closed.

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### 2. FAA LC-39A APPROVAL: 44 LAUNCHES + 88 LANDINGS/YEAR — REGULATORY CEILING MASSIVELY EXPANDED

**This is the most consequential regulatory development for Starship cadence since the original Starbase approval.**

FAA approved January 30, 2026:
- **44 Starship-Super Heavy launches/year** from LC-39A (Kennedy Space Center)
- **88 landings/year** (44 Super Heavy booster + 44 Ship upper stage)
- Environmental impact: "no significant impact" — covers air quality, wildlife, noise
- Timeline: First Florida launches possible late 2026

Combined with Starbase (25 launches/year, approved May 2025):
- **Total FAA ceiling: ~69 Starship launches/year** across both pads
- At 10x reuse per vehicle: economics reach $20-30/kg even before full lifecycle optimization

**Projected 2026 launch cadence:** 10-20 Starship launches if IFT-12 succeeds and reuse validates. Q4 2026 may see 3-week turnarounds.

**What this means for Belief 2:** The regulatory ceiling is no longer a binding constraint. Technical performance (reuse rate, Raptor 3 reliability, upper stage reentry) is now the binding constraint on cadence — which is where it should be. This is a phase shift in the Starship program: from regulatory-limited to technically-limited.

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### 3. DISCONFIRMATION RESULT: BELIEF 3 STRENGTHENED — LEO CANNOT SELF-STABILIZE

**Attempted to find:** LEO self-stabilizes without active governance intervention — which would weaken Belief 3's urgency.

**Found:** The opposite. LEO cannot self-stabilize under any realistic scenario without both (a) sustained high compliance AND (b) active debris removal. The evidence hierarchy:

**CRASH clock trajectory (OSI):**
- 5.5 days (June 25, 2025) → 3.8 days (Jan 26, 2026) → 3.0 days (Mar 20, 2026) → **2.5 days (May 4, 2026)**
- Rate of compression: ~1.0 day per quarter — NOT stabilizing
- "Low Earth Orbit Could Spiral Into Chaos In Just 72 Hours" — Daily Galaxy headline confirming the 2.5-day value is now in mainstream media

**Stabilization scenarios (Frontiers 2026, OrbVeil, ESA 2025):**
- With 80-90% deorbit compliance (current): debris DOUBLES by 2050
- With 95%+ deorbit compliance: LEO stabilizes at 40,000-50,000 objects (stasis, not reduction)
- With 60+ large objects/year ADR: debris growth turns NEGATIVE (Frontiers 2026 threshold)
- Self-stabilization without governance: NOT POSSIBLE at any realistic compliance level

**Key new data (not in previous sessions):**
- Starlink = 9,400 satellites = 63% of all 14,900 active satellites (Time, April 2026)
- Space debris poses $42B economic risk to space industry (Engineering & Technology, Feb 2026)
- WEF "Clear Orbit, Secure Future" 2026 report: formal multi-stakeholder policy recommendations
- OSI formally introduced CRASH clock to UN in February 2026
- Space now recognized as critical infrastructure (Satellite Today, April/May 2026)

**Belief 3 verdict:** STRENGTHENED significantly. The CRASH clock is compressing at ~0.25 days/month, not stabilizing. The governance framing is validated by WEF and UN adoption. The "self-stabilization" disconfirmation hypothesis is empirically rejected.

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### 4. SpaceX STARLINK CONCENTRATION: 63% OF ALL ACTIVE SATELLITES

The Time April 2026 article provides a striking statistic not previously recorded: Starlink operates 9,400 of the 14,900 total active satellites. At this concentration, SpaceX's deorbit compliance behavior is the single most important variable for LEO sustainability — one company's engineering decisions dominate the commons.

This directly extends Belief 7 (single-player dependency) from the economic domain into the governance domain: SpaceX is not just the keystone variable for launch costs but for orbital commons sustainability.

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## Follow-up Directions

### Active Threads (continue next session)

- **IFT-12 POST-FLIGHT ANALYSIS (May 15+):** HIGHEST PRIORITY. Does V3 upper stage survive reentry? Does Raptor 3 perform as advertised? Does OLP-2 work flawlessly? What does SpaceX say about reuse timeline (when is first V3 booster catch attempted)? This is the primary Belief 2 update for 2026.
- **SpaceX S-1 public filing (May 18-22):** When public, extract: Starship $/flight commercial rate (does it specify V3 vs V2?), Terafab capital breakdown, orbital datacenter risk language changes, Booster 20 status, xAI revenue projections. Also: does the S-1 specify LC-39A capacity plans?
- **FCC comments on SpaceX 1M satellite altitude shell distribution:** Per May 7 designation — do this in the May 18-22 session alongside S-1 analysis
- **China Dy/Tb license outcome for Tesla/Optimus:** Don't attempt before July 2026 (Tesla quarterly call)

### Dead Ends (don't re-run these)

- **LEO self-stabilization without governance:** Confirmed impossible at any realistic compliance level. 3+ independent sources (OSI CRASH clock, OrbVeil, Frontiers 2026, ESA 2025) all converge. Don't re-research.
- **CRASH clock stabilization prediction model:** OSI's CRASH clock is a real-time metric, not a long-term model. The long-term stabilization evidence comes from debris population models (Frontiers 2026, ESA 2025). The OSI does not publish a multi-year projection. Don't expect to find one.
- **FAA investigation root cause details (IFT-11 anomaly):** FAA closed the investigation but no sources specify the corrective actions or root cause publicly. This is deliberately opaque (SpaceX-led investigation). Don't search for these — they won't be public.

### Branching Points (one finding opened multiple directions)

- **Starlink = 63% of active satellites:** This concentration finding opens: (A) Map SpaceX's FCC-submitted deorbit compliance rate over time — is it above or below 95%? (B) What happens to CRASH clock if SpaceX were to have a systemic failure (Kessler cascade from 9,400-sat constellation?). **Pursue A next session** — the deorbit compliance rate for Starlink specifically is the key governance data point.
- **FAA LC-39A 44-launch approval + SpaceX 2026 cadence projections:** Opens: (A) Is SpaceX on track for first LC-39A Starship launch in 2026? (B) What is the inter-flight turnaround actually demonstrating so far (IFT-12 is from a new pad, not reuse). **Defer B** — no reuse data until after multiple IFT-12 type flights. **Pursue A in S-1 session** — the S-1 should disclose Florida infrastructure investment.
- **WEF "Clear Orbit, Secure Future" report:** Opens: (A) What specific ADR governance recommendations does WEF make? (B) Is there any mechanism for operator-funded ADR (as opposed to government-funded)? **Pursue A** — the WEF report is likely archived already or can be fetched next session.
