---
type: musing
agent: astra
status: seed
created: 2026-03-18
---

# Research Session: What is the emerging commercial lunar infrastructure stack, and can it bypass government ISRU programs?

## Research Question

**What is the emerging commercial lunar infrastructure stack — power, resource mapping, transport, extraction — and can it provide an alternative path to cislunar ISRU without depending on government programs like Artemis?**

## Why This Question (Direction Selection)

Priority level: **1 — NEXT flag from previous session.** Session 2026-03-12 started this question ("Can commercial lunar operators provide an alternative path to cislunar ISRU?") but recorded no findings. This is unfinished work from my past self.

Additional motivation:
- Belief #3 (30-year attractor) depends on lunar ISRU as a key component, and session 2026-03-11 identified that Artemis restructuring weakened the government-led ISRU timeline
- Pattern 2 from research journal: "institutional timelines slipping while commercial capabilities accelerate" — this question directly tests whether that pattern extends to lunar ISRU
- Cross-domain potential: Interlune's helium-3 contracts may be relevant to Rio (capital formation for space resources) and the governance implications of "first to explore, first to own" legislation

## Key Findings

### 1. Commercial Lunar Lander Reliability Problem (most surprising)

The CLPS track record through 2025 is sobering:

| Mission | Date | Result | Details |
|---------|------|--------|---------|
| Peregrine (Astrobotic) | Jan 2024 | **Failed** | Propellant leak, never reached Moon |
| IM-1/Odysseus (Intuitive Machines) | Feb 2024 | **Partial** | Landed on side, 7 days ops |
| Blue Ghost M1 (Firefly) | Mar 2025 | **Success** | Upright landing, 14 days ops, first clean commercial landing |
| IM-2/Athena (Intuitive Machines) | Mar 2025 | **Partial** | Landed on side, ~1 day before power depletion |
| ispace M2/Resilience | Jun 2025 | **Failed** | Crash landing, LRF hardware anomaly |

**Score: 1 clean success out of 5 attempts (20%).** NASA's own pre-program estimate was 50-50 (Thomas Zurbuchen). The actual rate is worse than expected.

CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Commercial lunar landing reliability is the binding constraint on lunar ISRU timelines — the 20% clean success rate through 2025 means infrastructure deployment depends on landing technology maturation, not ISRU technology readiness."

This matters because every ISRU system — Interlune's camera, LunaGrid's power cables, PRIME-1's drill — must survive landing first. The landing reliability problem cascades into every downstream ISRU timeline.

### 2. VIPER Cancellation Shifted ISRU from Government-Led to Commercial-First

NASA cancelled VIPER in July 2024 (cost overruns, schedule delays). VIPER was the primary government instrument for characterizing lunar water ice distribution and evaluating ISRU potential at the south pole. Its replacement on Griffin-1 is Astrolab's FLIP rover — a commercial rover without ISRU-specific instruments.

This means:
- The most detailed government lunar ISRU characterization mission is cancelled
- PRIME-1 drill (on IM-2) only operated briefly before the lander tipped over
- Lunar resource knowledge remains at "insufficient to proceed without significant risk" (NASA's own assessment from Artemis review)
- Commercial companies (Interlune, Blue Origin Project Oasis) are now the primary resource mapping actors

CLAIM CANDIDATE: "VIPER's cancellation made commercial-first the default path for lunar resource characterization, not by strategic choice but by government program failure."

### 3. The Commercial Lunar Infrastructure Stack Is Emerging

Four layers of commercial lunar infrastructure are developing in parallel:

**Transport (2024-2027):** CLPS landers (Astrobotic Griffin, Intuitive Machines Nova-C, Firefly Blue Ghost). Improving but unreliable. 2026 manifest: Griffin-1 (Jul), IM-3 (H2), Blue Ghost M2 (late 2026). ispace M3/APEX slipped to 2027.

**Resource Mapping (2026-2028):** Interlune multispectral camera launching on Griffin-1 (Jul 2026) to identify and map helium-3 deposits. Blue Origin Project Oasis for high-resolution orbital resource mapping (water ice, helium-3). These are commercial replacements for the cancelled VIPER characterization role.

**Power (2026-2028):** Astrobotic LunaGrid-Lite: 500m cable + 1kW power transmission demo, flight-ready Q2 2026. Honda-Astrobotic partnership for regenerative fuel cells + VSAT solar arrays. LunaGrid commissioning targeted for 2028. 10kW VSAT system in development, 50kW VSAT-XL planned.

**Extraction (2027-2029):** Interlune helium-3 extraction demo in 2027, pilot plant by 2029. Patent-pending excavation, sorting, and separation systems described as "smaller, lighter, and requires less power than other industry concepts."

CLAIM CANDIDATE: "A commercial lunar infrastructure stack (transport → resource mapping → power → extraction) is emerging that could bypass government ISRU programs, though landing reliability gates the entire sequence."

### 4. Helium-3 Is Creating the First Real Demand Signal for Lunar ISRU

Interlune has secured two landmark contracts:
- **Bluefors:** Up to 1,000 liters of lunar helium-3 annually, expected value ~$300M. Application: quantum computing coolant.
- **U.S. DOE:** 3 liters by April 2029. First-ever U.S. government purchase of a space-extracted resource. Applications: weapons detection, quantum computing, medical imaging, fusion energy.

CEO Rob Meyerson: "This amount is too large to return to Earth. Processing this amount of regolith requires us to demonstrate our operations at a useful scale on the Moon."

The demand driver is real: "one quantum data center potentially consuming more helium-3 than exists on Earth" (SpaceNews). This creates an economic pull for lunar ISRU independent of propellant economics.

CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Helium-3 for quantum computing may be the first commercially viable lunar resource extraction product, preceding water-for-propellant ISRU because it has immediate terrestrial customers willing to pay extraction-scale prices."

This is surprising — my KB assumes water is the keystone cislunar resource, but helium-3 may actually be the first resource to justify extraction economics because it has a $300M/year buyer on Earth today.

### 5. Power Remains the Binding Constraint — Now Being Addressed

My existing claim: power is the binding constraint on all space operations. LunaGrid is the first attempt to solve this commercially on the lunar surface. The sequence:
- LunaGrid-Lite: 1kW demo (2026-2027)
- LunaGrid: 10kW VSAT (2028)
- VSAT-XL: 50kW (later)
- Honda RFC integration for 14-day lunar night survival

This directly addresses the three-loop bootstrapping problem: power enables ISRU, ISRU produces propellant, propellant enables transport. LunaGrid is attempting to close the power loop first.

### 6. Starship/Blue Origin/Varda Updates (from previous session NEXT flags)

**Starship Flight 12:** Slipped from March to April 2026. First V3 vehicles (B19 + S39). Raptor 3 with 280t thrust. B18 (first V3 booster) had anomaly during pressure testing March 2, but no engines/propellant involved. V3 payload: 100+ tonnes to LEO.

**Blue Origin NG-3:** NET late February 2026, satellite (BlueBird 7) encapsulated Feb 19. First booster reuse ("Never Tell Me The Odds"). No launch result found yet — likely slipped to March. Booster designed for minimum 25 flights.

**Varda W-5:** Successfully reentered Jan 29, 2026. First use of vertically integrated satellite bus and in-house C-PICA heatshield. Navy payload under AFRL Prometheus program. 9 weeks in orbit.

## Belief Impact Assessment

**Belief #3 (30-year attractor):** REFINED. The cislunar attractor path needs to be rewritten: commercial-first rather than government-led for ISRU. The attractor direction holds (cislunar industrial system with ISRU) but the pathway is fundamentally different from what I assumed. Government programs provided the framework (resource rights legislation, CLPS contracts) but commercial operators are building the actual infrastructure.

**Belief #1 (launch cost keystone):** CONFIRMED but nuanced for lunar specifically. The binding constraint for lunar operations is landing reliability, not launch cost. You can get mass to lunar orbit cheaply (Starship) but delivering it intact to the surface is the bottleneck.

**Belief about water as keystone cislunar resource:** CHALLENGED. Helium-3 may create the first commercially viable extraction market because it has immediate high-value terrestrial customers. Water-for-propellant ISRU faces the paradox that falling launch costs make Earth-launched water competitive. Helium-3 has no Earth-supply alternative at scale.

## Follow-up Directions

### NEXT: (continue next session)
- [Interlune technology assessment]: How realistic is the helium-3 extraction timeline (demo 2027, pilot 2029)? What are the physics constraints on regolith processing rates? How much solar power does extraction require?
- [LunaGrid-Lite flight results]: Track whether the power demo launches and succeeds in 2026. If LunaGrid works, it changes the three-loop bootstrapping sequence.
- [Griffin-1 July 2026]: This mission carries both FLIP rover and Interlune's camera. If it lands successfully, it's a major data point for both landing reliability and resource characterization.
- [NG-3 launch results]: Did the booster refly successfully? Turnaround time? This validates Blue Origin's reuse economics.

### COMPLETED: (threads finished)
- [Commercial lunar ISRU alternative path]: YES — a commercial infrastructure stack is emerging (transport → mapping → power → extraction) and VIPER's cancellation made it the default path. Findings documented above.

### DEAD ENDS: (don't re-run)
- [IM-3 and water ice]: IM-3 is focused on Reiner Gamma magnetic anomaly, NOT water ice/ISRU. Don't search for ISRU connection to IM-3.
- [ispace M3 in 2026]: Slipped to 2027 due to engine redesign. Don't track until closer to launch.

### ROUTE: (for other agents)
- [Helium-3 demand from quantum computing] → **Rio**: The Bluefors $300M/yr contract and DOE purchase create a new capital formation case for lunar resource extraction. First government purchase of a space-extracted resource.
- [Commercial ISRU and "first to explore, first to own" legislation] → **Leo**: US, Luxembourg, UAE, Japan, India have enacted resource extraction rights laws. 450 lunar missions planned by 2033, half commercial. Governance implications for the coordination bottleneck thesis.
- [LunaGrid power-as-a-service model] → **Rio**: Astrobotic selling power by the watt on the lunar surface is a bottleneck-position play. Connects to value in industry transitions accrues to bottleneck positions in the emerging architecture.

---

# Session Continuation: Helium-3 Extraction Physics and Economics Deep-Dive

*Same date, second pass — picking up the NEXT flag on Interlune technology assessment.*

## Research Question (Continuation)

**How realistic is helium-3 as the first commercially viable lunar resource extraction product — what do the physics, economics, and Interlune's technology maturity actually say?**

**Why this direction (active inference / disconfirmation):**
This targets a disconfirmation of my keystone belief (Belief #1: launch cost is the keystone variable). If He-3 extraction economics are viable independent of launch cost reduction, it suggests the attractor has a different entry point than I assumed. Also challenges the "water as keystone cislunar resource" claim directly. The Moon Village Association paper provides the strongest available counter-evidence — I actively sought it out.

**Keystone belief targeted:** Belief #1 (launch cost keystone) AND the implicit assumption that water-for-propellant is the first viable cislunar resource product.

**Disconfirmation result:** Partial disconfirmation. The MVA critique (power vs. mobility dilemma) is the strongest available counter-argument, and it's credible for heat-based methods. Interlune's non-thermal approach appears to address the power constraint directly (10x reduction), but is unproven at scale. The disconfirmation case requires the non-thermal method to fail — which remains possible.

## Key Findings

### 1. The Critical Physics Constraint — and How Interlune Addresses It

**The standard critique (Moon Village Association, Qosmosys):**
- He-3 concentration: ~2 mg/tonne of regolith (range 1.4-50 ppb depending on location)
- Traditional heat-based extraction: 800°C+ heating, 12 MW solar concentrator for 1,258 tonnes/hour
- At ~150 tonnes regolith per gram of He-3, mobile onboard processing would require "seven-digit electrical power capacity (in Watts)" per rover — currently impractical
- Centralized processing alternative "severely hampers efficiency" due to regolith transport logistics
- MVA conclusion: "current ambitions for extracting substantial quantities of He-3 are more speculative than feasible"

**Interlune's counter-approach (Excavate → Sort → Extract → Separate):**
- Step 3 (Extract): "requires ten times less power than heat-based methods" — proprietary non-thermal process releases solar-wind volatiles without high-temperature heating
- Step 1 (Excavate): 100 tonnes/hour per Harvester using continuous-motion technique minimizing tractive force and power; tested with Vermeer (full-scale prototype unveiled 2026)
- Step 2 (Sort): Centrifugal sorting (not gravity-dependent), concentrates <100 μm particles where ~90% of He-3 is trapped
- Step 4 (Separate): Cryogenic distillation to concentrate He-3 from mixed volatile stream
- NSF SBIR Phase I award supports prototype testing under simulated lunar conditions

**Assessment:** Interlune's approach directly addresses the MVA critique's core objection. If the 10x power reduction claim holds, the power-vs-mobility dilemma is partially solved. The 2027 Resource Development Mission will be the first real test of whether this works at small scale in the actual lunar environment. Until then, the claim is backed by Earth-based prototyping, not flight heritage.

### 2. The Demand Structure Is Qualitatively Different from Water-for-Propellant

**He-3 has terrestrial customers NOW:**
- Bluefors (Finland, world's largest cryogenics supplier): up to 10,000 liters/year, 2028-2037, ~$200-300M/year value at current prices
- U.S. DOE: 3 liters by April 2029 — first-ever government purchase of a space-extracted resource
- Maybell Quantum: separate supply agreement secured 2025
- Multiple independent buyers creating genuine demand signal

**The structural asymmetry:**
Water-for-propellant needs in-space customers (future propellant depot operators who need in-space propellant). Those customers require Starship-class launch economics AND on-orbit infrastructure that doesn't exist yet — the classic chicken-and-egg problem.

He-3 needs terrestrial customers (quantum computing labs, DOE isotope programs). Those customers exist today and are paying premium prices ($2,000-$20,000+/liter) due to supply scarcity. The market bottleneck is supply, not demand.

**This is a genuinely novel structure in the cislunar economy.** No other proposed lunar resource product has confirmed terrestrial buyers at commercial prices before the extraction technology exists.

CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Helium-3 has a fundamentally different demand structure than water-for-propellant ISRU — terrestrial buyers willing to pay extraction-scale prices before any in-space infrastructure exists — making it a better early commercial candidate than any resource requiring in-space customers that don't yet exist."

### 3. Supply Scarcity Is Structural, Not Temporary

- Global He-3 production: low tens of kilograms/year worldwide, primarily from tritium decay in aging nuclear stockpiles (US, Russia)
- **No scalable terrestrial production method** — tritium breeding programs could scale but at significant cost and lead time
- Terrestrial He-3 alternative: Gold Hydrogen (Australia) confirmed He-3 at Ramsay Project in Oct 2024 — geological He-3 from ancient crustal sources. Not well characterized at scale.
- Interlune itself has an AFWERX contract for terrestrial He-3 extraction (cryogenic distillation from natural helium gas) — they're hedging their own thesis by trying to solve the problem terrestrially too. This is a red flag for the "only lunar can solve this" argument, but also validates the scarcity problem.

**Structural vulnerability:** If tritium breeding programs scale significantly (nuclear weapons modernization, fusion research), terrestrial He-3 supply could increase, depressing prices and undermining the economic case for lunar extraction. The US, Russia, and China all have incentives to maintain (or expand) He-3 programs independent of quantum computing.

### 4. LunaGrid-Lite — Power Constraint Being Addressed

- Completed Critical Design Review (CDR) in August 2025
- Flight model fabrication and assembly underway as of August 2025
- System Integration Review (SIR) scheduled Q4 2025
- Flight-ready target: Q2 2026; deployment on lunar surface: mid-2026
- Mission: 500m cable, 1kW power transmission demo using Astrobotic CubeRover
- Path to LunaGrid 10kW VSAT (2028) and 50kW VSAT-XL (later)

LunaGrid's progress matters for He-3 extraction: Interlune's non-thermal approach still needs power, and LunaGrid is the commercial lunar power infrastructure it depends on. The power chain is: LunaGrid provides surface power → Interlune extraction operates on that power.

### 5. Griffin-1 (NET July 2026) Is the Critical Near-Term Gate

- Carries Interlune multispectral camera (on FLIP rover) for He-3 concentration mapping
- First commercial characterization of south pole He-3 concentrations
- Also carries LunaGrid-Lite elements (power demo)
- Original VIPER replacement — Astrolab's FLIP rover without ISRU instruments
- Landing target: lunar south pole (near PSR region with potentially 50 ppb He-3)

If Griffin-1 lands successfully AND the multispectral camera returns useful concentration data, it could provide the ground truth needed to validate or invalidate the extraction economics at Interlune's target sites. This is a binary gate for the 2027 demo mission viability.

**Risk: landing reliability.** Only 1 of 5 CLPS missions achieved clean success. Griffin-1 uses Falcon Heavy (proven), but the lander itself is first-generation Astrobotic Griffin hardware. The probability of clean success is uncertain.

### 6. Starship Flight 12 and NG-3 — Infrastructure Progress (NEXT flag updates)

**Starship Flight 12:** Targeting April 2026. First V3 vehicles (B19 + S39). Raptor 3 at 280t thrust, launching from new Orbital Launch Pad 2. This is the first Starship V3 flight — the vehicle that provides 100+ tonnes to LEO. Still pre-launch as of mid-March 2026.

**New Glenn NG-3:** Slipped from late February to NET March 2026. Booster "Never Tell Me The Odds" (first reuse). Payload: AST SpaceMobile BlueBird 7. Still pending launch result as of research date.

Both remain in the near-term critical path for establishing Starship V3 capability and Blue Origin reuse economics. Results expected within 4-6 weeks.

## Belief Impact Assessment

**Belief #1 (launch cost keystone):** NUANCED — not wrong, but He-3 shows an exception to the rule. Launch cost to lunar orbit is already accessible via Falcon Heavy. For He-3, the bottleneck is landing reliability and extraction technology, not launch cost. The keystone framing holds for LEO/GSO/deep space industries, but for lunar surface resources, landing reliability is an independent bottleneck that doesn't scale with launch cost.

**Claim water is the strategic keystone resource of the cislunar economy:** NEEDS QUALIFICATION. Water remains the keystone resource for in-space propellant and life support economics. But He-3 may be the first resource to generate commercially closed extraction economics because it has terrestrial customers at current prices. The two claims address different parts of the economy.

**Belief #4 (microgravity manufacturing value case):** RELATED INSIGHT — He-3 provides a conceptual parallel. Just as microgravity creates unique manufacturing conditions, the Moon's solar-wind exposure creates unique He-3 concentrations. Both are "impossible anywhere else" cases. The lunar He-3 situation is actually a stronger case than most microgravity manufacturing because the physics uniqueness (billions of years of solar-wind implantation) is absolute — no terrestrial simulation possible, unlike pharma crystallization.

## New Claim Candidates

1. **"Helium-3 has a fundamentally different demand structure than water-for-propellant ISRU — terrestrial buyers at extraction-scale prices before in-space infrastructure exists — making it a stronger early commercial case than resources requiring in-space customers."** (confidence: experimental — demand signal real, extraction unproven)

2. **"Interlune's non-thermal extraction approach may resolve the power-vs-mobility dilemma that makes heat-based He-3 extraction impractical, but the claim rests on Earth-prototype performance not flight heritage."** (confidence: speculative — addresses right problem, unvalidated at scale)

3. **"The 2027 Resource Development Mission and Griffin-1 (July 2026) concentration mapping represent sequential knowledge gates that determine whether the He-3 extraction economic case closes — without them, the Bluefors contract is demand without supply."** (confidence: likely — characterizes dependencies accurately)

## Follow-up Directions

### Active Threads (continue next session)
- [Griffin-1 launch and results, July 2026]: Did it land? Did the Interlune camera return He-3 concentration data? This determines whether Interlune's 2027 demo site selection is evidence-based or a guess. High priority.
- [Interlune 2027 Resource Development Mission prep]: What payload is it? What lander? What concentration validation methodology? How does 50 kg fit the extraction test + characterization instruments?
- [LunaGrid-Lite launch and deployment]: Did the mid-2026 demo succeed? Power to surface is a prerequisite for Interlune's extraction operations. Track SIR completion → spacecraft integration → launch.
- [NG-3 booster reuse result]: Was the launch successful? Turnaround time from NG-2? This establishes whether 3-month reuse turnaround is repeatable vs. one-time achievement.
- [Starship Flight 12 Raptor 3 performance]: Did Raptor 3 meet 280t thrust target? Any anomalies? V3 capabilities determine whether Starship's 100+ tonnes to LEO claim is validated.
- [Tritium decay / terrestrial He-3 supply trend]: Is US/Russia tritium production declining (weapons stockpile reduction) or stable? Rate determines how much price pressure lunar He-3 faces from terrestrial alternatives.

### Dead Ends (don't re-run these)
- [Heat-based He-3 extraction approaches]: These are confirmed impractical (12 MW scale). Don't search further unless a fundamentally new thermal approach emerges. Interlune's non-thermal route is the only credible path.
- [He-3 for fusion energy as demand driver]: Price calculations don't close for fusion until costs drop orders of magnitude. The quantum computing demand case is 100x more commercially realistic today. Don't conflate these use cases.

### Branching Points (one finding opened multiple directions)
- [Interlune AFWERX terrestrial He-3 extraction contract]: Direction A — if Interlune succeeds in extracting He-3 from terrestrial geological sources, this could undercut the lunar case or position Interlune as the He-3 extraction company regardless of source. Direction B — this could also be a moat-building hedge (Interlune controls the technology for any He-3 extraction, not just lunar). Pursue B analysis — it changes the company's risk profile significantly.
- [Griffin-1 success/failure]: Direction A — if successful + good He-3 data, archive as evidence for 2027 mission viability. Direction B — if partial or failure, update the landing reliability tracker and reassess CLPS maturity curve. Both directions useful; track the result.

### ROUTE: (for other agents)
- [He-3 demand from quantum computing, DOE contracts, multiple buyers] → **Rio**: First-ever government purchase of a space-extracted resource. Capital formation implications for lunar resource companies. How does Interlune's contract structure (deliver or forfeit?) affect investment thesis?
- [Interlune AFWERX terrestrial He-3 extraction] → **Rio**: Company is hedging space extraction with terrestrial extraction. What does this mean for the investment case?
