# Research Musing — 2026-04-21

**Research question:** What is the current state of planetary defense capability after DART/Hera, and does improved asteroid deflection technology materially change the extinction risk calculus that grounds the multiplanetary imperative — combined with: what happened to NG-3 (NET April 16), and where does Starship reuse economics actually stand on the $600/kg → $500/kg ODC activation gap?

**Belief targeted for disconfirmation:** Belief 1 — "Humanity must become multiplanetary to survive long-term." Disconfirmation path: if planetary defense technology (DART successor missions, Hera assessment, NEO detection budgets) has materially improved Earth's protection against asteroid impact — the most concrete framing of the multiplanetary necessity argument — then the strongest specific example grounding the belief is partially undermined. If DART-class missions can deflect 99%+ of impact-threatening NEOs at much lower cost than establishing an independent civilization on Mars, the comparative advantage of multiplanetary expansion for extinction risk mitigation weakens.

**Why this session's question:** April 14 follow-up flagged the $500/kg Starship threshold as the most concrete near-term data point. NG-3 has been a 19-session binary event. And I've been strengthening Belief 2 for 5+ sessions without targeting Belief 1 at all. Active inference requires I stress-test the keystone belief, not just instrumental ones.

**What I searched for:**
- NG-3 launch result (NET April 16) and Blue Origin booster reuse
- ESA Hera mission status and DART follow-up findings
- NASA planetary defense budget and NEO Surveyor 2027
- Planetary defense vs. multiplanetary as competing extinction risk strategies
- Starship V3 Flight 12 status and reuse economics
- DART momentum transfer beta factor and solar orbit change

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## Main Findings

### 1. NG-3 (April 19, 2026): Booster Reuse SUCCESS, Mission FAILURE, FAA Grounding

**What happened:** NG-3 launched April 19 (3-day slip from NET April 16). "Never Tell Me The Odds" — the booster previously flown on NG-2 — executed a clean reuse and landed successfully on drone ship Jacklyn. Historic milestone: first New Glenn booster reuse.

**The failure:** Upper stage experienced a BE-3U engine "didn't produce sufficient thrust" during the second GS2 burn. AST SpaceMobile BlueBird 7 (Block 2 satellite: 2,400 sq ft array, 10x Block 1 bandwidth) placed in too-low orbit. Satellite LOST — will deorbit and burn up. Covered by insurance.

**FAA consequence:** FAA classified as a mishap, grounded New Glenn pending investigation. No timeline given for resolution. Pattern from other operators: several weeks minimum.

**Downstream implications:**
- Blue Origin planned 12 missions in 2026 — FAA grounding disrupts all of them
- VIPER mission (Blue Origin Blue Moon MK1, late 2027) now has a grounded launch vehicle as its delivery mechanism. VIPER needs the LAUNCH VEHICLE to be reliably flying by mid-2027 for late 2027 landing. NG-3 failure makes this timeline significantly more tenuous.
- AST SpaceMobile reaffirmed 45-satellite 2026 target with other launchers (BB8/9/10 ready in 30 days) — they're not dependent on New Glenn for their constellation

**Pattern 2 update:** This is the most substantive Pattern 2 confirmation yet. NG-3's headline (booster reuse) masks an operational failure. Three flights in, upper stage reliability is unproven:
- NG-1: Upper stage worked
- NG-2: Upper stage worked (November 2025)
- NG-3: Upper stage FAILED

The specific mechanism (engine insufficient thrust in second burn) suggests a different failure mode than NG-1/NG-2. Whether systematic or random is the key investigation question.

**CLAIM CANDIDATE (HIGH PRIORITY):** The NG-3 mission's upper stage failure and FAA grounding creates a concrete timeline threat to VIPER (late 2027) — Blue Origin's Blue Moon MK1 delivery vehicle is now grounded with an unresolved upper stage reliability issue, and the CLPS commitment requires reliable launch cadence by mid-2027.

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### 2. DART Did More Than Predicted — Beta Factor + Solar Orbit Change (March 2026)

**DART beta factor (established 2023, confirmed):** Momentum enhancement factor β = 3.61 (+0.19/-0.25, 1σ). This means ejecta amplification transferred ~3.6x more momentum than the spacecraft's impact alone. The orbital period change was 33 minutes (vs. pre-mission minimum success criterion of 73 seconds). DART exceeded predictions by a large margin.

**New finding (March 2026):** A study published in Science Advances confirmed that DART not only changed Dimorphos's orbit around Didymos — it changed the BINARY SYSTEM'S HELIOCENTRIC ORBIT. The Didymos/Dimorphos pair's solar orbital period (770 days) decreased by <1 second. Orbital velocity change: ~11.7 μm/s (1.7 inches/hour). This is the first time a human-made object measurably altered a celestial body's path around the Sun.

**Why this matters:** Though tiny, the solar orbit change validates that kinetic deflection can influence asteroid trajectories at scales beyond the targeted binary orbit. For a real threat scenario: if a threatening asteroid is detected decades early, even tiny velocity changes accumulated over years/decades can steer it away from Earth. DART proved this mechanism works at every scale we can measure.

**Limitation (still relevant):** DART worked on Dimorphos, a loosely-held rubble-pile asteroid. Whether kinetic deflection is as effective on monolithic solid rock remains uncharacterized. Hera (November 2026 arrival) will quantify β more precisely and assess crater structure — helping understand whether this technique is generalizable.

**Implication for Belief 1 disconfirmation:** DART results actually STRENGTHEN the case for planetary defense as an effective tool against asteroid-specific extinction risk. This is good news for Earth's safety but doesn't directly threaten the multiplanetary imperative unless planetary defense can substitute for ALL the risks multiplanetary expansion addresses.

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### 3. NEO Surveyor (September 2027) + NEO Detection Gap

**Status:** Launching September 2027 on Falcon 9. Will detect 2/3 of NEOs >140m within 5 years of launch. Currently only 44% of NEOs >140m catalogued (despite 2005 congressional mandate for 90% within 15 years — 20 years later, still at 44%). China launching its own kinetic impactor test mission in 2026.

**The coverage gap:** For extinction-level objects (>1km), ~95%+ are already tracked and none pose near-term threats. The danger gap is in "city-killer" range (140m-1km): these are catastrophic locally but not globally extinction-level. NEO Surveyor primarily closes this gap.

**Key limit of planetary defense strategy:** Long-period comets (LPCs) are arriving from the outer solar system with weeks to months of warning time — far too short for kinetic deflection, which requires decades of lead time. LPCs are rare but represent a category of threat that DART-class deflection cannot address regardless of detection capability.

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### 4. Disconfirmation Analysis: Planetary Defense vs. Multiplanetary Imperative

**The comparison:**
- Planetary defense (PD) addresses: known asteroid impact, characterized comet impact with long lead time
- PD cannot address: gamma-ray bursts, supervolcanism, anthropogenic catastrophe (nuclear war, engineered pandemic, AI misalignment), long-period comets with short warning
- Multiplanetary expansion addresses: all correlated global risks via geographic distribution — including everything PD cannot address
- For asteroid risk specifically: PD + multiplanetary are COMPLEMENTARY, not competing

**The cost comparison:**
- NASA planetary defense: ~$200M/year
- SpaceX Starship + Mars program: tens of billions, decades
- But the comparison is false — they don't address the same threats. PD is cheap defense against detectable impacts; multiplanetary is hedge against all correlated extinction risks.

**The disconfirmation verdict:** Belief 1 is NOT weakened by improved planetary defense. The belief's strongest rationale — which has always been GEOGRAPHY-CORRELATED risks that no single-planet civilization can hedge — is untouched by PD advances. For asteroid impact specifically, PD significantly reduces the risk for detectable threats; multiplanetary hedges the residual (LPCs, asteroid from unexpected direction, PD system failure).

**CRITICAL SHARPENING:** The disconfirmation search revealed that my framing of Belief 1 has been anchored on the WRONG risk category. Asteroid impact is the most PREVENTABLE extinction risk. It is not the most PROBABLE one. The multiplanetary imperative is MOST COMPELLING for:
1. Anthropogenic catastrophe (nuclear war, engineered pandemic, AI misalignment) — cannot be deflected, only geographically distributed
2. Supervolcanism (Yellowstone, Toba-scale) — no deflection technology, only distribution
3. Gamma-ray bursts — no deflection technology, only distribution

The belief is strengthened precisely because the disconfirmation search showed that its weakest specific example (asteroid impact) is being addressed by cheaper, faster mechanisms — which is good news — but the deeper rationale is entirely intact for the risks that actually drive civilizational-scale fragility today.

**Confidence shift on Belief 1:** UNCHANGED in direction, SHARPENED in grounding. The multiplanetary imperative is most compelling for anthropogenic risks, not natural cosmic ones.

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### 5. Starship V3 / Flight 12 (May 2026) — Path to $500/kg

**Status as of April 2026:**
- Flight 11 (October 13, 2025): Final V2 Starship; both vehicles splashed down in ocean (not caught at tower); success
- V3 all-33 Raptor 3 engines static fire: COMPLETE (cleared week of April 15)
- Flight 12: Targeting early May 2026, first launch from Pad 2 (second orbital complex at Boca Chica)
- V3 design: No external plumbing on Raptor 3, increased propellant capacity, 100+ tonnes to LEO

**Reuse economics:**
At various reuse counts (200T payload, full upper stage reuse):
- 6 flights: ~$94/kg
- 20 flights: ~$33/kg
- 50 flights: ~$19/kg

Current commercial pricing (Voyager Technologies filing): ~$90M/launch ≈ $600-900/kg depending on payload utilization. SpaceX's internal cost/price ratio on Falcon 9 is ~4:1 (cost is ~25% of price). At scale, commercial Starship pricing will compress but maintain margin.

**The $500/kg threshold analysis:** At 44 missions planned in 2026, SpaceX is accumulating the learning curve data and operational experience that drives cost compression. The cost at 6 reuse cycles is already ~$94/kg. The $500/kg COMMERCIAL PRICE target (not cost) requires: (1) SpaceX choosing to reduce price, (2) sufficient competitive pressure or (3) sufficient demand from customers like Starcloud. Timeline: likely 2027-2028 for commercial pricing to reach $500/kg. This is within range for Starcloud-3 activation.

**KEY INSIGHT:** SpaceX's 2026 Starlink cadence confirms the vehicle is in routine operations — 1,000th Starlink satellite of 2026 deployed by April 14. The Starship learning curve is actively accumulating for Falcon 9; Starship V3 begins accumulating its own curve in May 2026.

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## Disconfirmation Search Results: Belief 1 (Multiplanetary Imperative)

**Target:** Evidence that planetary defense makes multiplanetary expansion redundant for extinction risk mitigation.

**What I found:** Planetary defense has advanced significantly (DART β=3.61 exceeds predictions, solar orbit change validated, NEO Surveyor 2027 solving the detection gap). But it addresses ONLY asteroid/comet impact risks — and only for detectable/characterizable threats with long warning times.

**Verdict:** Belief 1 is NOT WEAKENED. SHARPENED. The most compelling rationale for multiplanetary expansion is anthropogenic catastrophe and natural risks that cannot be deflected — and planetary defense doesn't touch these. The asteroid framing is the weakest hook for Belief 1; the disconfirmation search clarified this by showing how capable planetary defense has become while the multiplanetary imperative remains intact.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Evidence that multiplanetary expansion advocates were reducing their claims in response to planetary defense successes. The communities are parallel, not in competition — DART success is celebrated by both the planetary defense AND the space colonization communities. The narrative framing of "we need Mars as backup" has shifted toward "we need both" without controversy.

**Absence of counter-evidence is informative:** The strongest counter to Belief 1 would be: "planetary defense + underground civilization + advanced biodefense + global AI safety governance makes multiplanetary expansion unnecessary." I find no serious academic or policy voice making this argument with rigor. The closest is the "longtermism is expensive" critique, but that challenges the cost-benefit of Mars specifically, not the underlying geographic distribution logic.

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## Follow-up Directions

### Active Threads (continue next session)

- **NG-3/New Glenn FAA investigation resolution:** Critical for VIPER 2027. Track when FAA clears New Glenn to fly again — the BE-3U engine "insufficient thrust" root cause will determine whether this is a systematic design flaw or a random hardware failure. If systemic, Blue Origin's entire 2026 manifest is in danger. Check April 28+ for investigation status updates.
- **Starship V3 Flight 12 (May 2026):** First V3 Starship, first launch from Pad 2. Two objectives: (1) Does V3 upper stage survive reentry and get caught? (2) Does Raptor 3 engine performance validate the 100+ tonne payload claim? Either result substantially updates the Starship reuse economics picture.
- **Hera arrival at Didymos (November 2026):** Will refine β factor for DART deflection, characterize crater structure, assess whether rubble-pile result generalizes. This will be the definitive planetary defense validation data for the next decade.
- **VIPER + Blue Moon MK1 (late 2027):** With NG-3 failure and FAA grounding, the VIPER 2027 commitment now requires either (a) Blue Origin clearing the investigation and maintaining cadence or (b) NASA considering alternative delivery (SpaceX Starship HLS? Falcon 9?). This is the ISRU prerequisite chain's most vulnerable link.
- **Starcloud-3 customer commitments:** Is there evidence of actual contracted demand for large-scale in-orbit AI training (not just edge compute)? The $500/kg ODC activation thesis only matters if customers are willing to pay. Track Starcloud Series B announcements and enterprise customer disclosures.

### Dead Ends (don't re-run these)

- **"Planetary defense vs. multiplanetary as competing strategies":** This framing is a false dichotomy. The communities are parallel, not competing. Don't search for academic debate on this — it doesn't exist in any substantive form. The real analytical work is understanding which specific risks each addresses.
- **Starship V2 history (Flights 7-11):** Flights 7 and 8 had upper stage losses (January and March 2025). Flights 9-11 appear to have worked. The V2 program is closed — all attention is now V3. Don't research V2 anomalies.
- **AST SpaceMobile 2026 constellation delays due to New Glenn:** AST explicitly reaffirmed its 45-satellite target and noted BB8/9/10 ready within 30 days for alternative launches. Not a story about AST constellation delays — they have multiple launch providers.

### Branching Points (one finding opened multiple directions)

- **Belief 1 reframing (anthropogenic > asteroid as primary rationale):** This session sharpened my understanding that the multiplanetary imperative is MOST defensible for anthropogenic catastrophe, not natural cosmic events. Direction A — research whether the space colonization literature has explicitly made this argument (Preston, Ord, Bostrom on existential risk framing). Direction B — look for evidence that anthropogenic extinction risk has increased measurably in the last decade, which would independently strengthen Belief 1's rationale. **Pursue Direction B** — quantitative evidence on anthropogenic risk growth is more useful for KB claims than literature review.
- **NG-3 failure + Blue Origin 2027 CLPS commitment:** Direction A — research whether NASA has any alternative delivery vehicle for VIPER (could Starship HLS deliver VIPER to lunar south pole as a contingency?). Direction B — research whether the FAA mishap investigation process has precedents from NG-1 anomaly resolution that indicate timeline. **Pursue Direction A** — the contingency question is more strategically important than the investigation timeline.
- **DART beta factor exceeds predictions systematically:** Direction A — research whether updated models using β=3.61 change the minimum lead time required for successful deflection of a realistic threat (this would quantitatively shrink the residual risk multiplanetary expansion hedges against). Direction B — research whether DART's rubble-pile result generalizes to the population of known PHAs (what fraction are rubble piles vs. monolithic?). **Pursue Direction B** — characterizing the fraction of threats where DART-style deflection is reliably applicable is the key uncertainty for planetary defense reliability assessment.
