---
type: source
title: "NEO Surveyor launching 2027 to address 20-year detection mandate failure — only 44% of city-killer NEOs catalogued"
author: "NASA JPL / Space.com / NASA Science"
url: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/near-earth-object-surveyor/
date: 2026-04-01
domain: space-development
secondary_domains: []
format: article
status: processed
processed_by: astra
processed_date: 2026-04-21
priority: medium
tags: [NEO-Surveyor, planetary-defense, asteroid-detection, space-telescope, NASA, Falcon-9]
extraction_model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"
---

## Content

NASA's Near-Earth Object Surveyor (NEO Surveyor) space telescope will launch no earlier than September 2027 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The mission heads to the Sun-Earth L1 point (~930,000 miles from Earth) and will conduct a five-year baseline survey to find at least two-thirds of NEOs larger than 140 meters (460 feet) in diameter.

Background: In 2005, Congress mandated NASA to identify 90% of NEOs over 140 meters within 15 years (by 2020). As of April 2025, only 44% have been catalogued — nearly 20 years after the mandate with less than half the target met. Total NEOs identified (September 2014 to April 2025): 26,000+ (out of 38,000+ total known).

NASA's planetary defense budget has grown from ~$4M/year in the early 2000s to ~$200M/year currently, split between ground-based observations (~$40M/year) and flight missions.

China is also developing a kinetic impactor test mission, with a 2026 launch target, for a hybrid asteroid deflection and observation test.

NEO Surveyor instrument: 50cm infrared telescope in two heat-sensing bands, designed to detect both bright and dark asteroids. Expected to complete the 2/3 detection goal within 5 years of launch (i.e., by ~2032).

Key risk context: For extinction-level objects (>1km), ~95% are already tracked, with none posing near-term threats. The gap is in the 140m-1km "city-killer" range.

## Agent Notes
**Why this matters:** NEO Surveyor closes the most dangerous detection gap in planetary defense. Combined with DART's validated deflection capability (β=3.61), the planetary defense system will have: (1) high catalog coverage of 140m+ threats by ~2032, and (2) proven deflection technique for detected rubble-pile asteroids. This makes asteroid impact the MOST PREVENTABLE of the major extinction-level risks — which sharpens the multiplanetary imperative's rationale toward the risks that CANNOT be deflected.

**What surprised me:** The 20-year failure to meet the 2005 congressional mandate (44% vs. 90% goal) is stark. This is a governance gap story as much as a technology story — Congress mandated detection, didn't fully fund it, and the gap persisted for two decades. NEO Surveyor is the belated answer.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Any evidence that NEO Surveyor addresses long-period comets (LPCs). It doesn't — LPCs arrive from the outer solar system with weeks to months of warning, far too short for kinetic deflection. LPCs remain a category of planetary impact threat that no current or planned mission addresses.

**KB connections:**
- Space governance gaps (existing claim): The 20-year failure to meet a congressional detection mandate is a concrete governance gap in planetary defense
- Belief 1 (multiplanetary imperative): NEO Surveyor addresses the detection prerequisite for planetary defense — once deployed, asteroid-specific extinction risk further reduces, sharpening the rationale for multiplanetary toward anthropogenic and natural non-asteroid risks

**Extraction hints:**
- New claim: NEO Surveyor (2027) will close the 20-year detection gap for city-killer NEOs, achieving 2/3 catalog coverage of 140m+ threats by ~2032 — completing the detection prerequisite for the planetary defense response pipeline
- Potential divergence candidate: If planetary defense can address asteroid impact, what distinguishes the multiplanetary imperative from "cheaper" single-planet resilience strategies? This tension may warrant a divergence file if KB has claims on both sides.

## Curator Notes (structured handoff for extractor)
PRIMARY CONNECTION: Planetary defense capability / distinction from multiplanetary imperative rationale
WHY ARCHIVED: NEO Surveyor represents the detection piece of the complete planetary defense pipeline — extracting a claim about the 2032 catalog completion milestone contextualizes the risk reduction curve
EXTRACTION HINT: Extract the detection gap (44% vs. 90% mandate) and NEO Surveyor's 2032 closure timeline as a quantitative milestone — this is the kind of specific, falsifiable data point the KB needs for planetary defense claims
