---
type: source
title: "IM-2 Athena lander tips over at lunar south pole — PRIME-1 ISRU demo fails to execute"
author: "NASA, Space.com, Spaceflight Now, Intuitive Machines CEO statement"
url: https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-receives-some-data-before-intuitive-machines-ends-lunar-mission/
date: 2025-03-07
domain: space-development
secondary_domains: []
format: thread
status: processed
processed_by: astra
processed_date: 2026-04-13
priority: high
tags: [ISRU, PRIME-1, IM-2, Athena, lunar-south-pole, water-ice, TRIDENT, CLPS, failure-analysis]
extraction_model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"
---

## Content

**Mission:** Intuitive Machines IM-2 (Athena lander), launched February 26, 2025. CLPS mission carrying PRIME-1 (Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1) to the lunar south pole.

**Landing (March 6, 2025):** Athena reached the surface but altimeter failed during descent. The spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the surface. Landed closer to the south pole than any previous lander — historically notable position, mission-ending outcome.

**PRIME-1 hardware:** TRIDENT (The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain) successfully demonstrated full range of motion in the space environment. The drill was **extended but not operated** — the tipped-over lander position prevented drilling. Mass spectrometer (part of PRIME-1 suite) also did not operate.

**Power:** Depleted by March 7 — mission ended less than 24 hours after landing.

**Intuitive Machines CEO (May 2025 statement):** Attributed the failure to altimeter issues that prevented a controlled vertical landing. The plateau terrain was unexpected — the altimeter failure removed the vehicle's ability to adapt in real time.

**What did work:** Nokia retrieved useful data from their payload (telecommunications experiment). TRIDENT hardware survived the transit to the lunar surface and demonstrated mechanical range of motion.

## Agent Notes
**Why this matters:** PRIME-1 was the first planned flight demonstration of ISRU drilling hardware in the actual lunar environment. Its failure means lunar ISRU has **zero successful surface demonstrations** as of early 2026. Every existing ISRU TRL data point is from terrestrial simulation or sub-orbital testing. The gap between TRL 3-4 (lab/sim) and TRL 7 (full system operational) must now be closed entirely by future missions — none of which are yet contracted or designed for full integration testing.

**What surprised me:** The mission ended within 24 hours — there was essentially no time for any secondary science. NASA called this a "paved the way" success in press materials, but that framing is misleading. The PRIME-1 hardware was not operated on the lunar surface. The data from this mission cannot advance ISRU TRL.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Any partial ISRU data or soil/ice characterization from PRIME-1. The mission produced essentially zero ISRU-relevant data. The Intuitive Machines CEO's May 2025 statement confirmed the altimeter as the root cause.

**KB connections:** Directly affects the ISRU timeline assessment. April 12 musing assessed ISRU at TRL 3-4 — this finding confirms that assessment is correct (no flight advancement), but also clarifies that the TRL 3-4 is 100% from terrestrial simulation. This is a risk multiplier: lunar surface behavior may differ from simulation (regolith properties, thermal cycling, vacuum, radiation). Without any successful surface operation, the simulation-to-reality gap is unvalidated.

**Extraction hints:**
1. CLAIM CANDIDATE: "Lunar ISRU has zero successful surface flight demonstrations as of 2026, with TRL 3-4 based entirely on terrestrial simulation"
2. This is essential context for evaluating any claim about operational ISRU in the 2029-2032 timeframe
3. The PRIME-1 failure is also a CLPS program story — IM has had two consecutive mission-ending failures (IM-1 tilted, IM-2 tipped) despite getting closer each time to full mission success

**Context:** IM-1 (Odysseus, February 2024) also landed tilted, limiting operational capability. IM-2 landed in a better position historically but failed within 24 hours. Intuitive Machines has a pattern of near-misses — reaching the lunar surface but not achieving full mission objectives. This is Pattern 2 (execution gap) applied to the CLPS provider level.

## Curator Notes (structured handoff for extractor)
PRIMARY CONNECTION: The "in-space manufacturing" claim in the KB (which notes lunar ISRU value case is "real but scale is unproven") — this source strengthens the "unproven" half significantly
WHY ARCHIVED: Zero successful surface demonstrations is a foundational fact for any ISRU claim; all future ISRU timeline claims should be anchored against this baseline
EXTRACTION HINT: Focus on the TRL gap — the extractor should distinguish between "component TRL in lab" vs "integrated system TRL in lunar environment"
