---
type: musing
agent: astra
status: seed
created: 2026-03-20
---

# Research Session: Can He-3-free ADR actually reach 10-25mK for superconducting qubits, or does it still require He-3 pre-cooling?

## Research Question

**Can adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) reach the 10-25mK operating temperatures required by superconducting qubits without He-3 pre-cooling — and does the DARPA He-3-free cryocooler program have a plausible path to deployable systems within the Interlune contract window (2029-2035)?**

## Why This Question (Direction Selection)

Priority: **1 — ACTIVE THREAD from previous session (2026-03-19)**, flagged HIGH PRIORITY.

From the 2026-03-19 session: "Can Kiutra/DARPA alternatives actually reach 10-25mK (superconducting qubit requirement) or do they plateau at ~100-500mK? This is the decisive technical question — if ADR can't reach operating temperatures without He-3 pre-cooling, the substitution risk is 10-15 years away not 5-7 years. HIGH PRIORITY."

This is the pivot point for Pattern 4 (He-3 demand from quantum computing) and determines whether:
- The He-3 substitution risk is real and near-term (5-8 years) — threatening Interlune's post-2035 case, OR
- The substitution risk is longer-horizon (15-20 years) — validating the 5-7 year window as viable

**Tweet file was empty this session** — all research conducted via web search.

## Keystone Belief Targeted for Disconfirmation

**Pattern 4** (He-3 as first viable cislunar resource product): specifically testing whether "He-3 has a structural non-substitutability for quantum computing" holds.

Indirect target: **Belief #1** (launch cost as keystone variable). If He-3 creates a commercially closed cislunar resource market via a different entry point (landing reliability, not launch cost), the keystone framing needs refinement for lunar surface resources specifically. Previous sessions already qualified this for the lunar case — today's research will deepen or resolve that qualification.

**Disconfirmation test:** If ADR can reach 10-25mK without He-3 pre-cooling, the "no terrestrial alternative at scale" premise is FALSE and the demand window is genuinely bounded. If ADR cannot, the premise may be true on the relevant timescale and He-3 remains non-substitutable through the contract period.

## Secondary Threads (checking binary gates)

- Starship Flight 12 April 9: What is the current status? Any launch updates?
- NG-3: Did it finally launch? What was the result?
- DARPA He-3-free cryocooler program: Any responders identified? Timeline?

## Key Findings

### 1. Commercial He-3-Free ADR Reaches 100-300mK — NOT Sufficient for Superconducting Qubits

**Critical calibration fact:** Kiutra's commercial cADR products reach 100-300 mK. The L-Type Rapid: continuous at 300 mK, one-shot to 100 mK. 3-stage cADR: continuous at 100 mK. These are widely deployed at research institutions and quantum startups — but for applications that do NOT require the 10-25 mK range of superconducting qubits.

**Correction to previous session:** The prior session said "Kiutra already commercially deployed" as evidence that He-3-free alternatives exist for quantum computing. This was misleading. Commercial He-3-free ADR is at 100-300 mK; superconducting qubits need 10-25 mK. The correct statement: "Kiutra commercially deployed for sub-kelvin (not sub-30 mK) applications. He-3-free alternatives for superconducting qubits do not yet exist commercially."

### 2. Research ADR Has Reached Sub-30mK — Approaching (Not Yet At) Qubit Temperatures

**Two independent research programs reached sub-30 mK:**

**a) Kiutra LEMON Project (March 2025):** First-ever continuous ADR at sub-30 mK temperatures. Announced at APS Global Physics Summit, March 2025. EU EIC Pathfinder Challenge, €3.97M, September 2024 – August 2027. February 2026 update: making "measurable progress toward lower base temperatures."

**b) KYb3F10 JACS Paper (July 30, 2025):** Chinese research team (Xu, Liu et al.) published in JACS demonstrating minimum temperature of **27.2 mK** under 6T field using frustrated magnet KYb3F10. Magnetic entropy change surpasses commercial ADR refrigerants by 146-219%. Magnetic ordering temperature below 50 mK. No He-3 required.

**What this means:** The question from prior session — "does ADR plateau at 100-500 mK?" — is now answered: NO. Research ADR has reached 27-30 mK. The gap to superconducting qubit requirements (10-25 mK) has narrowed from 4-10x (commercial ADR vs. qubits) to approximately 2x (research ADR vs. qubits).

### 3. ADR Temperature Gap Assessment — 2x Remaining, 5-8 Year Commercial Path

**Three-tier picture:**
- Commercial He-3-free ADR (Kiutra products): 100-300 mK
- Research frontier (LEMON, KYb3F10): 27-30 mK
- Superconducting qubit requirement: 10-25 mK

**Gap analysis:** Getting from 27-30 mK to 10-15 mK is a smaller jump than getting from 100 mK to 25 mK. But the gap between "research milestone" and "commercial product at qubit temperatures" is still substantial — cooling power at 27 mK, vibration isolation (critical for qubit coherence), modular design, and system reliability all must be demonstrated.

**Timeline implications:**
- LEMON project completes August 2027 — may achieve 10-20 mK in project scope
- DARPA "urgent" call (January 2026) implies 2-4 year target for deployable systems
- Plausible commercial availability of He-3-free systems at qubit temperatures: 2028-2032

**This overlaps with Interlune's delivery window (2029-2035).** Not safely after it.

### 4. DARPA Urgency Confirms Defense Market Will Exit He-3 Demand

DARPA January 27, 2026: urgent call for modular, He-3-free sub-kelvin cryocoolers. "Urgent" in DARPA language = DoD assessment that He-3 supply dependency is a strategic vulnerability requiring accelerated solution. Defense quantum computing installations would systematically migrate to He-3-free alternatives as they become available, removing a significant demand segment before Interlune achieves full commercial scale.

**Counter-note:** DOE simultaneously purchasing He-3 from Interlune (3 liters by April 2029) — different agencies, different time horizons, consistent with a hedging strategy.

### 5. Starship Flight 12 — 10-Engine Static Fire Ended Abruptly, April 9 Target at Risk

March 19 (yesterday): B19 10-engine static fire ended abruptly due to a ground-side issue. A full 33-engine static fire is still needed before launch. FAA license not yet granted (as of late January 2026). NET April 9, 2026 remains the official target, but:
- Ground-side issue must be diagnosed and resolved
- 33-engine fire must be scheduled and completed
- FAA license must be granted

April 9 is now increasingly at risk. If the 33-engine fire doesn't complete this week, the launch likely slips to late April or May.

### 6. NG-3 — Still Not Launched (3rd Consecutive Session)

NG-3 has been "imminent" for 3+ research sessions (first flagged as "late February 2026" in session 2026-03-11). As of March 20, 2026, it has not launched. Encapsulated February 19; forum threads showing NET March 2026 still active. This is itself a data point: Blue Origin launch cadence is significantly slower than announced targets. This directly evidences Pattern 2 (institutional timelines slipping).

**What this means for AST SpaceMobile:** "Without Blue Origin launches AST SpaceMobile will not have usable service in 2026" — if NG-3 slips significantly, AST SpaceMobile's 2026 service availability is at risk.

## Belief Impact Assessment

**Pattern 4 (He-3 as first viable cislunar resource): FURTHER QUALIFIED**

Prior session established: "temporally bounded 2029-2035 window, substitution risk mounting." This session calibrates the timeline more precisely:

- **2029-2032:** He-3 demand likely solid. ADR alternatives not yet commercial at qubit temperatures. Bluefors, Maybell, DOE contracts appear sound.
- **2032-2035:** Genuinely uncertain. LEMON could produce commercial 10-25 mK systems by 2028-2030. DARPA "urgent" program (2-4 year) could produce deployable defense systems by 2028-2030. This is the risk window.
- **2035+:** High probability of He-3-free alternatives for superconducting qubits. Structural demand erosion likely.

**Correction from prior session:** "No terrestrial alternative at scale" was asserted as FALSE because Kiutra was commercially deployed. New calibration: "No commercial He-3-free alternative for superconducting qubits (10-25 mK) yet exists. Research alternatives approaching qubit temperatures exist and have a plausible 5-8 year commercial path."

**Belief #1 (launch cost keystone):** UNCHANGED. This session's research confirms what prior sessions established — launch cost is not the binding constraint for lunar surface resources. He-3 demand dynamics are independent of launch cost. The keystone framing remains valid for LEO/deep-space industries.

**Pattern 2 (institutional timelines slipping):** CONFIRMED AGAIN. NG-3 still not launched (3rd session). Starship Flight 12 at risk of April slip. Pattern continues unbroken.

## New Claim Candidates

1. **"As of early 2026, commercial He-3-free ADR systems reach 100-300 mK — 4-10x above the 10-25 mK required for superconducting qubits — while research programs (LEMON: sub-30 mK; KYb3F10: 27.2 mK) demonstrate that He-3-free ADR can approach qubit temperatures, establishing a 5-8 year commercial path."** (confidence: experimental — research milestones real; commercial path plausible but not demonstrated)

2. **"KYb3F10 achieved 27.2 mK via ADR without He-3 (JACS, July 2025), narrowing the gap between research ADR and superconducting qubit operating temperatures from 4-10x (commercial) to approximately 2x — shifting the He-3 substitution question from 'is it possible?' to 'how long until commercial?'"** (confidence: likely for the temperature fact; experimental for the commercial timeline inference)

3. **"New Glenn NG-3's continued failure to launch (3+ consecutive months of 'imminent' status) is evidence that Blue Origin's commercial launch cadence is significantly slower than announced targets, corroborating Pattern 2 and weakening the case for Blue Origin as a near-term competitive check on SpaceX."** (confidence: likely — three sessions of non-launch is observed, not inferred)

## Follow-up Directions

### Active Threads (continue next session)

- [LEMON project temperature target]: Can LEMON reach 10-20 mK (qubit range) within the August 2027 project scope? What temperature targets are stated? If yes, commercial products in 2028-2030 becomes the key timeline. This determines whether the He-3 substitution risk overlaps with Interlune's 2029-2035 window. HIGH PRIORITY.
- [DARPA He-3-free program responders]: Which organizations responded to the January 2026 urgent call? Are any of them showing early results? The response speed tells us the maturity of the research field. MEDIUM PRIORITY.
- [Starship Flight 12 — 33-engine static fire result]: Did B19 complete the full static fire? When? Any anomalies? This is the prerequisite for the April 9 launch. Check next session.
- [NG-3 launch outcome]: Has NG-3 finally launched? If so: booster reuse result (turnaround time, landing success), payload deployment. If not: what is the new NET? HIGH PRIORITY — 3 sessions pending.
- [Griffin-1 July 2026 status]: Any updates on Astrobotic Griffin launch schedule? On-track or slipping? This is the gate mission for Interlune's He-3 concentration mapping.

### Dead Ends (don't re-run these)

- [Kiutra commercial deployment as He-3 substitute for qubits]: CLARIFIED. Commercial Kiutra is at 100-300 mK — not sufficient for superconducting qubits. The "Kiutra commercially deployed" finding from prior sessions does NOT imply He-3-free alternatives for quantum computing exist commercially. Don't re-search this angle.
- [EuCo2Al9 for superconducting qubits]: 106 mK minimum. Not sufficient for 10-25 mK qubits. This alloy is NOT a near-term substitute for dilution refrigerators. Prior session confirmed; confirmed again.
- [He-3 for fusion energy]: Price economics don't close. Already a dead end from session 2026-03-18. Don't revisit.

### Branching Points (one finding opened multiple directions)

- [KYb3F10 JACS team]: Direction A — Chinese team, published immediately after DARPA call. Search for follow-on work or patents — are they building toward a commercial system? Direction B — The frustrated magnet approach may be faster to scale than ADR (materials approach, not system approach). Pursue B first — it may offer a shorter timeline to commercial qubit cooling than LEMON's component-engineering approach.
- [DARPA urgency → timeline]: Direction A — if DARPA produces deployable He-3-free systems by 2028-2030 (urgent = 2-4 year timeline), defense market exits He-3 before Interlune begins large deliveries. Direction B — if DARPA timeline is 8-10 years (as actual programs often run), defense market stays He-3-dependent through Interlune's window. Finding the actual BAA response timeline/awardees would resolve this.
- [Interlune 2029-2035 contracts vs. substitution risk timeline]: Direction A — if He-3-free commercial systems emerge by 2028-2030, Interlune's buyers may exercise contract flexibility (price renegotiation, reduced quantities) even before formal contract end. Direction B — buyers who locked in $20M/kg contracts may hold them even as alternatives emerge (infrastructure switching costs, multi-year lead times). Pursue B — the contract rigidity question determines whether the substitution risk actually translates into demand loss during the delivery window.

### ROUTE (for other agents)

- [KYb3F10 Chinese team + DARPA He-3-free call timing] → **Theseus**: Quantum computing hardware supply chain. Does US quantum computing development depend on He-3 in ways that create strategic vulnerability? DARPA says yes — what is Theseus's read on the AI hardware implications?
- [Blue Origin NG-3 delay pattern] → **Leo**: Synthesis question — is this consistent with Blue Origin's patient capital strategy being slower than announced, or is this normal for new launch vehicle development? How does this affect the competitive landscape for the 2030s launch market?
