---
description: Solar learning curves, nuclear renaissance, fusion timelines, battery storage thresholds, grid integration, and the energy cost trajectories that activate every other physical-world industry
type: moc
---

# energy systems

Energy is the substrate of the physical world. Every manufacturing process, every robot, every space operation, every computation is ultimately energy-limited. Astra tracks energy through the same threshold economics lens applied to space: each cost crossing activates new industries, and the direction (cheap, clean, abundant) is derivable from human needs and physics even when the timing is not.

The energy transition is undergoing multiple simultaneous phase transitions: solar generation costs have fallen 99% in four decades, battery storage is approaching the $100/kWh dispatchability threshold, nuclear is experiencing a demand-driven renaissance (AI datacenters, SMRs), and fusion remains the highest-stakes loonshot. The meta-pattern: energy transitions follow the same dynamics as launch cost transitions, with knowledge embodiment lag as the dominant timing error.

## Solar & Renewables

Solar's learning curve is the most successful cost reduction in energy history — from $76/W in 1977 to ~$0.03/W today. The generation cost problem is largely solved. The remaining challenge is intermittency and grid integration.

*Claims to be added — domain is new.*

## Energy Storage

Battery costs below $100/kWh make renewables dispatchable, fundamentally changing grid economics. Lithium-ion dominates for daily cycling. Long-duration storage (>8 hours, seasonal) remains unsolved at scale.

*Claims to be added.*

## Nuclear & Fusion

Nuclear fission provides firm baseload that renewables cannot — the question is whether construction costs can compete. SMRs may change the cost equation through factory manufacturing. Fusion (CFS, Helion) is the ultimate loonshot — ~$1-3/kg equivalent operating cost for launch infrastructure, limitless clean power for terrestrial grids. Timeline: 2040s at earliest for meaningful grid contribution.

*Claims to be added.*

## Grid Integration & System Economics

The real challenge is not generation but integration — storage, transmission, demand flexibility, and permitting. Energy permitting timelines now exceed construction timelines, creating a governance gap analogous to space governance.

*Claims to be added.*

## Cross-Domain Connections

- [[power is the binding constraint on all space operations because every capability from ISRU to manufacturing to life support is power-limited]] — energy as the root constraint on space development
- [[Lofstrom loops convert launch economics from a propellant problem to an electricity problem at a theoretical operating cost of roughly 3 dollars per kg]] — the transition from propellant-limited to power-limited launch
- [[knowledge embodiment lag means technology is available decades before organizations learn to use it optimally creating a productivity paradox]] — the electrification precedent: 30 years from availability to optimal use
- [[the atoms-to-bits spectrum positions industries between defensible-but-linear and scalable-but-commoditizable with the sweet spot where physical data generation feeds software that scales independently]] — energy data (grid optimization, predictive maintenance) as atoms-to-bits sweet spot
- [[attractor states provide gravitational reference points for capital allocation during structural industry change]] — energy attractor: cheap clean abundant, derived from physics + human needs

Topics:
- energy systems
