---
type: source
title: "Byron Reese: Agora, The Human Superorganism"
author: "Tim Ventura (@timventura)"
url: https://medium.com/predict/byron-reese-agora-the-human-superorganism-a9e569b48e67
date: 2025-02-06
domain: ai-alignment
format: essay
status: processed
processed_by: Theseus
processed_date: 2026-03-07
claims_extracted:
  - "human civilization passes falsifiable superorganism criteria because individuals cannot survive apart from society and occupations function as role-specific cellular algorithms"
  - "superorganism organization extends effective lifespan substantially at each organizational level which means civilizational intelligence operates on temporal horizons that individual-preference alignment cannot serve"
enrichments:
  - target: "the internet enabled global communication but not global cognition"
    type: counter-argument
    summary: "Reese's internet-as-acceleration counter-argument — diffusion speed vs. coordination quality distinction"
tags: [superorganism, collective-intelligence, agora, byron-reese, emergence]
linked_set: superorganism-sources-mar2026
---

# Byron Reese: Agora, The Human Superorganism

Interview/essay by Tim Ventura in Predict (Medium), published Feb 6, 2025.

Byron Reese discusses his concept of the "Agora" — humanity functioning as a superorganism through collective intelligence, emergent behavior, and shared knowledge systems. The piece explores how human civilization exhibits properties of superorganisms seen in biology, and what this means for technology and AI's role in amplifying collective intelligence.

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# Byron Reese: Agora, The Human Superorganism
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13 min read
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Feb 6, 2025
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_What if humans are cells in a larger superorganism — and the internet is its nervous system? Futurist Byron Reese discusses emergent behaviors in bee hives & ant colonies — and explains why humanity is more than the sum of its parts._
> **_Byron, welcome! Let’s talk about your new book, “_**[** _We Are Agora: How Humanity Functions as a Single Superorganism That Shapes Our World and Our Future_**](https://www.amazon.com/We-Are-Agora-Functions-Superorganism-ebook/dp/B0BY7WHX1C)** _”, which explores the origins of life and the emergence of superorganisms — and humans are one of those superorganisms. We’re collections of billions of cells that come together to function as something larger. There’s this emergent property — something greater than the sum of its parts. Is that correct?_**
Exactly! The concept of a superorganism is not pseudoscience — it’s a well-established idea. A [superorganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superorganism) is essentially a creature made up of other creatures. For example, people often describe beehives as superorganisms. A bee, on its own, is an animal. But what many people don’t realize is that the hive itself functions as a living entity.
Take temperature regulation, for instance. Bees are cold-blooded animals and don’t regulate their body temperature individually. However, the hive as a whole does — it’s warm-blooded and maintains a steady temperature of about 97 degrees Fahrenheit. While an individual bee lives only a few weeks, the hive can survive for over a century. A single bee isn’t very intelligent, but the hive collectively performs remarkably smart tasks, like finding a new home. The hive even reproduces, dividing in the spring, just as a living organism would.
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*BdDDnnQc8AkDzF-KLlF9SA.jpeg)
[Byron Reese](https://byronreese.com/) is a futurist, speaker, entrepreneur, and the author of “[We Are Agora](https://www.amazon.com/We-Are-Agora-Functions-Superorganism-ebook/dp/B0BY7WHX1C)”.
But here’s where it gets even more fascinating: a bee itself can also be viewed as a superorganism. A bee is an animal, yet it’s made up of individual cells, and each of those cells is alive. These cells are unaware of the larger entity they’re part of — they’re not thinking, “We’re Team Bee!” They simply live their lives.
Humans, I believe, are the same way. We are individual creatures with a sense of self, but we’re also composed of countless other living entities — our cells — none of which are aware of “us.” Here’s the mind-bending part: you share the same physical space as your cells, but you’re not a cell. You’re something entirely different, an entirely different order of being.
I use an analogy in the book to explain this. Have you ever seen a photo mosaic? Imagine a large photograph of a puppy, and as you look closer, you realize it’s made up of thousands of tiny photos of other puppies. Both the individual photos and the larger image coexist in the same space, but they operate on different levels of order.
This idea led me to ask: could humanity, as a whole, come together to form a superorganism — a literal biological entity — which I call _Agora_? Not in a metaphysical sense, but as an actual, scientific phenomenon. Could _Agora_ be alive, conscious, and capable of thought?
I only write books about things I don’t fully understand because my books are about my journey to figure them out, and I invite readers to join me. When I began this book, I didn’t know the answer to my question. I’m a beekeeper, so I’ve spent a lot of time observing bees and their hives. This inspired me to explore whether humans might form a similar collective organism.
By the end of writing the book, I became convinced: such an organism exists. I believe _Agora_ is alive, it thinks, it breathes, and it may even explain why we’re here. That’s significant because science tends to avoid the “why” question. Science is great at answering “how” — how things happen, how processes work — but it often sidesteps “why.” Yet with this hypothesis, the _Agora Hypothesis,_ I believe I can provide a scientific explanation for why humanity exists.
> **_Your description of Agora resembles the Gaia hypothesis, and it led to wonder if they might co-exist on different scales — and if superorganisms can be nested, would that make the Internet another superorganism nested between the others?_**
Those are wonderful questions. You’re right — the Agora hypothesis is very similar in nature to the Gaia hypothesis, and they’re not incompatible. Different levels of order create different beings. In fact, I believe in the Gaia hypothesis.
For those unfamiliar with it, the Gaia hypothesis was proposed by James Lovelock, who recently passed away at 103 — not from old age, interestingly. He was an amazing person. Lovelock suggested that all of Earth’s systems function as a living organism, maintaining certain values at levels conducive to life. For example, why doesn’t the salinity of the oceans change? Rivers constantly deposit salt into the oceans, yet the salinity remains stable. Similarly, why has the oxygen level in the atmosphere remained constant for hundreds of millions of years? By all logic, these factors should fluctuate wildly, but they don’t. Lovelock argued that the Earth functions like a living organism.
He was never particularly clear about whether he believed Earth was literally alive. My guess is he did think so, but he may have avoided saying it outright to prevent alienating people.
To answer your question about the Internet being a superorganism: Kevin Kelly has a similar idea. He calls it the _Technium,_ describing it as a living entity made up of all the world’s technology. A superorganism is, by definition, a life form made up of other life forms. Since I don’t believe machines can be alive, I wouldn’t call the Internet a superorganism, though I agree it functions like one.
Agora, on the other hand, is entirely made up of people — people exchanging ideas and communicating. While it’s augmented by technology, the biology of Agora consists purely of human beings. If you were to dissect it, its “cells” would just be people.
We congregate in cities, which act as our hives. Cities grow, learn, multiply, divide, and encode massive amounts of information — information that can only be gained by living in them. Cities, in this sense, are an extension of the Agora.
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*hq21RsGwIfTw6yZHDdT5Xw.jpeg)
James Lovelock’s [Gaia hypothesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis) holds that Earth and its biological systems behave as a single entity.
> **_This is truly a big idea with vast implications. Cells form people, people form cities, and together we all form Agora. What led you to the idea of humanity as a superorganism, and what inspired to write this book?_**
Actually, there’s another book that came out before _We Are Agora_ called _Stories, Dice, and Rocks That Think._ In that book, I explored why humans are so different from animals, and touched on the idea of humanity as a superorganism — but I didn’t know if it just a metaphor, or an actual living entity. That uncertainty led me to write an entire book dedicated to exploring the concept.
My approach was to treat it as a scientific idea. One way we test scientific theories is by putting forward falsifiable hypotheses. I asked myself: could I make falsifiable statements that suggest humanity is a superorganism?
For example, one characteristic of superorganisms is that their parts can’t survive apart from the whole. Can people live apart from society? Another feature is that superorganisms don’t allow for much individuality — each part must follow specific algorithms for the system to function. Is that true for humans?
I went through a series of such hypotheses, and every one of them pointed to the idea that humanity functions as a superorganism. Based on the evidence, I concluded that it’s not just a metaphor — it’s an actual living entity.
You can ask if it’s conscious, and that’s a fascinating conversation I think we’ll delve into later. But for now, the question is whether it’s a biological entity. Can I expand on that idea a bit further?
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*lmLFlzFLulIX5sed2953Wg.jpeg)
Reese introduced the idea of a human superorganism in “[Stories, Dice, and Rocks That Think](https://www.amazon.com/Stories-Dice-Rocks-Think-Future/dp/1637741340)”.
> **_Yes, absolutely. Byron, it’s tempting to view Agora as a metaphor, but what makes this concept so powerful is your description of it as a real, living creature. Does this make a superorganism more than the sum of its parts?_**
Probably the best way to think about a superorganism, something alien to a human perspective, is by thinking about ourselves. If a superorganism is an animal made up of other animals, then by that definition, humans are superorganisms.
Cells are alive, but the fascinating thing about cells is that they’re not made of anything living. They are the primary unit of life, made of non-living components, yet they are alive. That’s a profound mystery, but let’s take it at face value — cells are alive. Every cell lives its entire existence oblivious to you. It grows, ages, reproduces, and dies, completely unaware of the larger entity it’s part of.
Somehow, despite this, you also exist. You’re made of cells, but you’re not just a collection of cells. You don’t feel like an apartment complex of cells; you feel like a unified being, a single creature. How can these individual cells live and die while simultaneously forming something greater — you?
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The analogy I use in the book is one of those posters where the larger image, say a puppy, is made up of tiny photos of other puppies. When you look closely, you see the individual images, but when you step back, they form a larger, unified pattern. In the same way, there are two levels of patterns here: the cellular level and the you level, both superimposed on the same matter.
So, you’re a superorganism. Much of the book wrestles with this idea. We understand why a cell is alive, but it’s less clear why you are alive. If you’re not merely cells, what are you? You’re a different pattern — a different organization of matter.
This raises the question: does this pattern exist one level higher? There’s no reason the process stops with individuals. If a bunch of cells can make a person, why couldn’t a bunch of people form a superorganism? And why couldn’t a bunch of superorganisms create an even larger entity?
At every higher level, emergent properties arise — new capabilities and a whole new level of existence. For instance, humans have about 250 types of cells in the body, each performing a distinct function. Similarly, the Bureau of Labor Statistics tracks about 10,000 different human jobs. Think of these jobs as the “cells” of society: taxi drivers, bricklayers, and countless others.
Interestingly, two bricklayers can communicate and collaborate because they follow similar “algorithms.” These shared behaviors allow people to function as parts of a larger system. When all these “cells” (the jobs) come together, they form a new entity — a superorganism.
Here’s another analogy: bees only live a few weeks, but a beehive can last 100 years. Similarly, your cells may only live a few days, but you can live a century. With each higher level of organization, lifespans extend dramatically. I believe that Agora — humanity’s superorganism — has a lifespan of millions, if not billions, of years.
Your cells can’t directly perceive you. When you cut your finger and platelets rush to clot the wound, they’re not thinking, “Oh no, he cut himself again! Let’s help him out.” They just do their job, oblivious to your existence. In the same way, as individuals living our lives and performing our functions, we unknowingly give rise to a higher level of order.
What excites me most — and I think we’ll discuss this further — is that this offers a scientific answer to the question, “Why are we here?” Science typically prefers “how” questions over “why” questions because “why” is much harder to address. But this concept provides a scientific perspective on why we exist.
This idea also ties into my last book, which asks why there’s only one species like us on this planet.
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*4p9gefFXYr5MqEpkPxLhIQ.jpeg)
“[We Are Agora](https://www.amazon.com/We-Are-Agora-Functions-Superorganism/dp/B0CFBC28L6)” is dedicated to exploring the idea idea of humanity as a single superorganism.
> **_You described cities as being human “hives”. I’ve read that major cities tend to resemble each other because they face the same functional challenges. I think that’s why every major city has the same basic features: water systems, electricity, food distribution networks, thoroughfares, stop signs, and so on. Could cities be examples of superorganisms?_**
That’s an interesting observation. Take New York City, specifically Manhattan — it’s a great example because it’s an island and easy to study in isolation. Manhattan has 40,000 restaurants and requires 10,000 tons of food to be trucked in every day. Now, who’s in charge of all that? Who decides what 10,000 tons of food to bring in, accounting for countless variables like yesterday’s cod catch in Chesapeake Bay? The answer, of course, is no one. No single person or entity makes those decisions — it’s all bottom-up.
You have 250 types of cells in your body, and together they form you. Similarly, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics tracks about 100,000 different job types. Think of those occupations as analogous to different kinds of cells. In New York, these “cells” operate on their own algorithms, figuring out their roles within the system. These independent actions collectively ensure the city gets just the right amount of flour for its bagels and pizzas — not too much, not too little.
The same decentralized system distributes taxis and Ubers throughout the city. No one is directing them to specific locations; instead, they react to real-time information, much like cells responding to stimuli. Together, these individual actions bring the city to life.
Moreover, cities have a memory — they retain knowledge and practices. A city outlives its individual residents, much like a superorganism outlives its cells. Cities grow, evolve, and endure. In that sense, a city is alive — it’s a living creature.
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*8JyDXhtTgKid5fnT-mKuCg.jpeg)
The idea that [cities are superorganisms](https://trellis.net/article/city-living-organism-circular-nature/) compares cities to complex living systems like the human body.
> **_It’s intriguing to view collective intelligence from a “bottom up” perspective, but what about subjective experience like consciousness? The organization of cells in our bodies creates larger intelligences and the qualia of consciousness that we all experience but cannot explain. Could the same be true on a larger scale? Could Agora be conscious — and if it is, should we view the internet as its nervous system?_**
I love that question. In fact, I wrote an entire book about whether computers could be conscious.
There are a number of theories about consciousness. If consciousnes sarises from complexity, then even a single cell might have a tiny drop of consciousness, and as the number of organisms increases, consciousness grows accordingly.
Another theory suggests that at a certain level of complexity, consciousness arises as a new emergent property even if it never existed before. If either of these theories is correct, then Agora is almost certainly conscious because it is vastly more complex than any individual human.
To your question about the Internet: absolutely, it plays a significant role. The best analogy might be speech. Imagine a group of people living together without speech — it would be nearly impossible for them to achieve something as complex as putting a person on the moon or inventing a smartphone. Speech is simply a technology, a data exchange protocol.
The Internet functions similarly but on a massive scale. It’s a data exchange protocol that transmits information globally and instantly. If one sentence can provide a million years’ worth of evolutionary progress, the Internet enables Agora to evolve eons every single day. The things we learn through it — individually and collectively — would take trillions of years to evolve naturally.
So yes, the Internet is a transformative tool that Agora uses extensively, enabling it to grow more intelligent and capable over time.
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![](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:700/1*1ZVlwsF7HdvO5KNBNvb9Kg.jpeg)
The internet transmits information rapidly and may be [comparable to a nervous system](https://blogs.cornell.edu/info2040/2015/10/23/humanity-gaining-a-nervous-system-the-internet).
> **_Byron, on that note, let me thank you so much for your time today. It has truly been a pleasure and an incredible honor to have you with me. This is one of those concepts that forces you to reflect on our place in the universe and our role in the larger tapestry of human experience — and it leads to introspection and a lot of big questions._**
Ultimately, the question is this: If you know this, how would your life be different? Superorganisms don’t thrive because one or two bees do all the work. They thrive because all the bees live their lives and do their part.
A lot of people today feel overwhelmed — they feel like they’re not doing enough, or they carry the weight of the world on their shoulders. They think they should be doing something grander with their lives but don’t know what that is. The answer, if we are part of a superorganism, is simply this: Be kinder to others every day. Strive to be a little better than you were before. Live your life, do what you do, and help where you can.
That’s what superorganisms do. Bees work in cooperation, and together, they achieve incredible things. Agora can do anything as long as we all live our lives with kindness and purpose. So, I place no heavy burden on anyone — just try to be kind, live your life, and know that you are part of this amazing story, a part of this incredible collective being capable of extraordinary things.
### About Our Guest
Byron Reese is a serial entrepreneur with a quarter-century of experience building and running successful technology companies, with multiple acquisitions and IPOs along the way. He is an award-winning author, speaker, and futurist who holds many technology patents and has started two podcasts about artificial intelligence. He currently serves as the CEO of JJ Kent Incorporated, a venture-backed technology company that recently launched Scissortail.ai, a proprietary artificial intelligence tool set to inform new product and listing strategies.
Bloomberg Businessweek credits Byron with having “quietly pioneered a new breed of media company.” The Financial Times of London reported that he “is typical of the new wave of internet entrepreneurs out to turn the economics of the media industry on its head.”
Byron and his work have been featured in hundreds of news outlets, including New York Times, Washington Post, Entrepreneur Magazine, USA Today, Reader’s Digest, NPR, and the LA Times Magazine. Byron graduated Magna Cum Laude from Rice University with a degree in Honors Economics, and is the author of several books, including “The Fourth Age”, “Wasted:”, “Infinite Progress”, and his newest book, “We Are Agora”. [Learn more on his website at ByronReese.com.](https://byronreese.com/)
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Could Agora be alive, conscious, and capable of thought?
```

Interesting but false. IMO, there is a confusion between “living organism” and “auto-organization”.
Life is defined as the capacity for self-sustaining processes, such as metabolism, growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction. Hence Agora cannot…more


```

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