---
description: Freedman's reframing of strategy as getting more out of a situation than the starting balance of power would suggest -- through scripts, stories, and alliance-building that reorganize resources rather than merely deploying them
type: claim
domain: grand-strategy
created: 2026-03-05
confidence: likely
source: "Lawrence Freedman 'Strategy: A History' 2013"
tradition: "Grand strategy, narrative theory"
---

# strategy is the art of creating power through narrative and coalition not just the application of existing power

Lawrence Freedman defines strategy as "the art of creating power" -- getting "more out of a situation than the starting balance of power would suggest." This reframing is significant: strategy is not about deploying existing resources optimally (that's operations), but about reorganizing the field so that your resources count for more than they otherwise would.

The mechanism is narrative and coalition. Freedman identifies "scripts and narratives" as critical strategic instruments -- "a recurring theme" traced from primate group behavior through all of human strategic history. Coalition-building is what transforms individual weakness into collective strength. The coalition builder doesn't just add allies; she constructs a story that makes collaboration seem natural, necessary, and rewarding. Since [[narratives are infrastructure not just communication because they coordinate action at civilizational scale]], Freedman's insight makes narrative the primary strategic tool, not a secondary communication function.

This connects strategy to memetics. Since [[ideological adoption is a complex contagion requiring multiple reinforcing exposures from trusted sources not simple viral spread through weak ties]], strategic narratives spread through the same mechanisms as other complex contagions -- they need repeated reinforcing exposure from trusted sources, not viral broadcast. Since [[the strongest memeplexes align individual incentive with collective behavior creating self-validating feedback loops]], the most effective strategic narratives are self-validating: participating in the coalition confirms the narrative that justified joining.

The implication for LivingIP is direct. Since [[LivingIPs grand strategy uses internet finance agents and narrative infrastructure as parallel wedges where each proximate objective is the aspiration at progressively larger scale]], the narrative track IS strategy in Freedman's sense -- it creates power by constructing coalitions around a shared story of collective intelligence. Since [[history is shaped by coordinated minorities with clear purpose not by majorities]], the strategic challenge is not mass persuasion but coalition construction among a committed minority. Since [[systemic change requires committed critical mass not majority adoption as Chenoweth's 3-5 percent rule demonstrates across 323 campaigns]], the narrative needs to reach 3-5% with conviction, not 51% with awareness.

Freedman's key contribution beyond Clausewitz or Gaddis: strategy is "fluid and flexible, governed by the starting point rather than the end point." Strategic environments are inherently unpredictable; continuous reappraisal is necessary. The narrative must evolve as the coalition grows and conditions change.

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Relevant Notes:
- [[narratives are infrastructure not just communication because they coordinate action at civilizational scale]] -- Freedman's strategic narrative IS narrative infrastructure
- [[ideological adoption is a complex contagion requiring multiple reinforcing exposures from trusted sources not simple viral spread through weak ties]] -- how strategic narratives actually spread
- [[the strongest memeplexes align individual incentive with collective behavior creating self-validating feedback loops]] -- self-validating narratives as the strongest strategic instrument
- [[history is shaped by coordinated minorities with clear purpose not by majorities]] -- coalition strategy targets minorities with conviction, not majorities with awareness
- [[LivingIPs grand strategy uses internet finance agents and narrative infrastructure as parallel wedges where each proximate objective is the aspiration at progressively larger scale]] -- LivingIP's narrative track as Freedman-style power creation
- [[metaphor reframing is more powerful than argument because it changes which conclusions feel natural without requiring persuasion]] -- the mechanism by which strategic narratives reshape the field

Topics:
- [[civilizational foundations]]
- [[memetics and cultural evolution]]
- [[LivingIP architecture]]
