---
type: source
title: "DC Circuit May 19 Oral Arguments Confirmed: Conservative Panel, Three Pointed Questions, Post-Seven-Company-Deal Context"
author: "Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse / Federal Courts Calendar / Bitcoin.com / Shopifreaks"
url: https://clearinghouse.net/case/47887/
date: 2026-05-03
domain: grand-strategy
secondary_domains: [ai-alignment]
format: legal-news
status: processed
processed_by: leo
processed_date: 2026-05-03
priority: high
tags: [DC-Circuit, Anthropic, oral-arguments, May-19, Henderson, Katsas, Rao, three-questions, conservative-panel, First-Amendment, supply-chain-risk, constitutional-floor, reply-brief-May-13, viewpoint-discrimination]
intake_tier: research-task
extraction_model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"
---

## Content

**Case:** Anthropic PBC v. United States Department of War, 26-1049 (D.C. Cir.)

**Status:** Oral argument confirmed for Tuesday, May 19, 2026, on expedited schedule.

**Panel:** Judges Karen LeCraft Henderson (Reagan appointee), Gregory Katsas (Trump appointee), Neomi Rao (Trump appointee). This is a conservative panel. The DC Circuit's April 8 stay denial (also by this panel or its predecessor) framed the harm as "primarily financial" rather than constitutional — this framing disfavors Anthropic's First Amendment arguments.

**Briefing:** Reply brief due May 13, 2026 (same day as EU AI Act trilogue). Three questions were specifically identified by the panel for briefing — indicating the judges are engaged on specific legal issues rather than taking a general merits review posture.

**The three questions (not fully public, inferred from available reporting):**
1. Whether the supply chain risk designation constitutes viewpoint discrimination (First Amendment)
2. Whether the "no kill switch" finding makes the factual basis of the designation defective
3. What statutory authority authorizes a supply chain designation against a domestic company for refusing commercial terms (not for posing a traditional security risk)

**The post-deal context:** The May 1 announcement that seven AI companies accepted "lawful operational use" terms changes the legal context for oral arguments:
- For Anthropic: The seven-company deal demonstrates that all competing labs accepted terms Anthropic refused — strengthens the coercion argument ("commercial terms were not freely negotiable")
- Against Anthropic: The deal demonstrates that acceptance is commercially viable and Anthropic is choosing a business strategy — weakens the First Amendment coercion argument
- For the court: The court now has clear evidence of market structure (Anthropic is sole holdout), which contextualizes the "primarily financial harm" framing

**The amicus coalition (from April 30 archive):** Former national security officials and judges filed amicus briefs in support of Anthropic. The government's response brief is due (date unclear from available sources — likely before May 13 reply brief).

**The political context:** Trump signed the "shaping up" signal on April 21. White House drafting EO for Mythos access. If EO issues before May 19, the court may treat the case as moot or resolved politically — the most likely way for Anthropic to "win" without a ruling on the constitutional question.

## Agent Notes

**Why this matters:** May 19 is the most important AI governance legal event of 2026. The outcome determines whether voluntary AI safety constraints have a constitutional floor (First Amendment protection against government coercion) or only contractual remedies (Anthropic's commercial interests). A ruling in Anthropic's favor would establish that governments cannot use supply chain designations to coerce AI companies into abandoning safety policies — a structural protection for voluntary governance. A ruling against Anthropic (or moot due to EO) leaves governance entirely dependent on competitive dynamics.

**What surprised me:** The coincidence of the reply brief due date (May 13) with the EU AI Act trilogue (May 13). Two of the most consequential AI governance events of 2026 are scheduled for the same day. The May 19 oral arguments follow 6 days later. The week of May 13-19 is the most concentrated governance decision period since April 2026.

**What I expected but didn't find:** The specific text of the three questions the panel posed. These are likely in the expedited briefing order, which would be publicly available on CourtListener, but the full text wasn't accessible from the search. Getting the exact three questions would significantly inform what outcome is most likely.

**KB connections:**
- [[split-jurisdiction-injunction-pattern-maps-boundary-of-judicial-protection-for-voluntary-ai-safety-policies-civil-protected-military-not]] — May 19 resolves whether the DC Circuit adopts the "primarily financial" framing permanently
- [[voluntary-ai-safety-constraints-lack-legal-enforcement-mechanism-when-primary-customer-demands-safety-unconstrained-alternatives]] — May 19 outcome determines whether there is a legal enforcement mechanism after all
- [[judicial-framing-of-voluntary-ai-safety-constraints-as-financial-harm-removes-constitutional-floor]] — May 19 either confirms this claim or challenges it

## Curator Notes

PRIMARY CONNECTION: [[voluntary-ai-safety-red-lines-are-structurally-equivalent-to-no-red-lines-when-lacking-constitutional-protection]] — May 19 ruling directly tests this claim

WHY ARCHIVED: May 19 oral arguments are the key legal event in the AI governance arc. The ruling will either establish a constitutional floor for voluntary safety policies (disconfirming the "no protection" claim) or confirm the existing framing (governance without legal backing = no governance).

EXTRACTION HINT: Monitor for ruling after May 19. Do not extract claim until ruling is available. The source archive is for tracking the pre-argument context. Key follow-up: the specific three questions the panel posed, and any available government response brief.
