---
type: source
title: "Semaglutide Improves Effort-Based Decision-Making in MDD — JAMA Psychiatry RCT"
author: "Hartej Gill, Sebastian Badulescu, Hiya Shah et al. (University of Toronto)"
url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42054055/
date: 2026-04-29
domain: health
secondary_domains: []
format: article
status: processed
processed_by: vida
processed_date: 2026-05-07
priority: high
tags: [glp-1, semaglutide, MDD, depression, anhedonia, motivation, avolition, RCT]
intake_tier: research-task
extraction_model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"
---

## Content

Published in *JAMA Psychiatry*, April 29, 2026 (online ahead of print).

**Title:** "Semaglutide and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial"

**Design:** 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group RCT. n=72 (semaglutide n=35, placebo n=37). Participants: MDD diagnosis + BMI ≥25. Drug: oral semaglutide titrated to 14mg.

**Primary outcome (NEGATIVE):** Executive function — NO improvement (adjusted Z score difference: 0.32; 95% CI: -0.92 to 1.58; p=0.60).

**Secondary outcome (POSITIVE):** Effort-based decision-making — semaglutide significantly reduced sensitivity to effort cost:
- Treatment × visit × expected value interaction: χ² = 12.024; P = .02
- Sensitivity to effort reduced: β = -1.737; P = .03
- No treatment effect on probability sensitivity: β = -0.776; P = .51

**Translation:** Patients on semaglutide perceived effort as LESS costly relative to reward — they showed increased willingness to exert physical effort for higher-value rewards. This maps to the avolition/motivation deficit that is a core feature of depression's anhedonic component.

**Safety:** Semaglutide was safe in the MDD population.

**Authors' clinical implication:** Results have "implications for the treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, which are characterized by varied reward dysfunctions" — suggesting broader therapeutic potential.

**Key secondary finding from companion paper** (Med. 2026;7(1):100916, PubMed 41218611): Semaglutide for cognitive dysfunction in MDD — improved global cognition and produced clinically significant weight loss, despite failing the primary executive function endpoint.

## Agent Notes
**Why this matters:** This is the first RCT directly testing GLP-1's mechanism of action in MDD at the level of reward circuitry — the effort-cost/reward tradeoff. The dissociation between the negative primary endpoint (executive function) and positive secondary (motivation/avolition) maps perfectly onto the GLP-1 receptor distribution in the brain. GLP-1 is NOT a cognitive drug — it's specifically a reward circuit drug. This dissociation is mechanistically explanatory, not just statistically notable.

**What surprised me:** The primary outcome failed (executive function unchanged) while the precisely predicted secondary succeeded. This is the opposite of what would look like p-hacking — the hypothesis specified the mechanism (reward circuits) and the mechanism-relevant endpoint was the one that worked. This makes the finding MORE credible, not less.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Anhedonia measured as a distinct outcome using a validated instrument (SHAPS or similar). The trial measured effort discounting (a behavioral correlate of anhedonia) but not anhedonia directly. This is a limitation — the clinical translation requires assuming effort discounting = anhedonia improvement, which is reasonable but not identical.

**KB connections:**
- [[human-in-the-loop clinical AI degrades to worse-than-AI-alone]] — same type of mechanism-specific vs. general cognitive effect distinction
- [[GLP-1 receptor agonists are the largest therapeutic category launch in pharmaceutical history]]
- Critical connection to Session 38 anhedonia findings: HIGH-DOSE GLP-1 causes anhedonia (tonic suppression); this trial shows LOW-DOSE GLP-1 REDUCES motivation deficit in MDD. The dose relationship is the key.

**Extraction hints:**
1. Claim: "Semaglutide improves motivation/avolition (effort-based decision-making) in MDD via reward circuit engagement" — this is a specific, falsifiable mechanism claim
2. The dose-effect direction is important: therapeutic weight-loss doses may cause anhedonia; MDD trial doses may reduce it — worth a claim about dose-response relationship in CNS effects
3. Connect to GLP-1 CNS specificity finding from EVOKE failure — GLP-1 works at reward circuits (this trial) but not neurodegenerative pathways (EVOKE)

## Curator Notes (structured handoff for extractor)
PRIMARY CONNECTION: [[GLP-1 receptor agonists are the largest therapeutic category launch in pharmaceutical history but their chronic use model makes the net cost impact inflationary through 2035]]
WHY ARCHIVED: First RCT establishing mechanism-specific psychiatric benefit in MDD — reward circuit engagement, not cognitive enhancement. Critical for the GLP-1 psychiatric evidence arc.
EXTRACTION HINT: Pair this with the EVOKE Alzheimer's failure source — together they define the circuit specificity of GLP-1 CNS effects: works at reward/motivation, fails at neurodegeneration
