---
type: source
title: "CSET Georgetown — AI Verification: Technical Framework for Verifying Compliance with Autonomous Weapons Obligations"
author: "Center for Security and Emerging Technology, Georgetown University"
url: https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/ai-verification/
date: 2025-01-01
domain: ai-alignment
secondary_domains: [grand-strategy]
format: report
status: processed
processed_by: theseus
processed_date: 2026-04-04
priority: high
tags: [AI-verification, autonomous-weapons, compliance, treaty-verification, meaningful-human-control, technical-mechanisms]
extraction_model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"
claims_extracted:
- "verification-of-meaningful-human-control-is-technically-infeasible-because-ai-decision-opacity-and-adversarial-resistance-defeat-external-audit"
---

## Content

CSET Georgetown's work on "AI Verification" defines the technical challenge of verifying compliance with autonomous weapons obligations.

**Core definition:** "AI Verification" = the process of determining whether countries' AI and AI systems comply with treaty obligations. "AI Verification Mechanisms" = tools that ensure regulatory compliance by discouraging or detecting the illicit use of AI by a system or illicit AI control over a system.

**Key technical proposals in the literature (compiled from this and related sources):**

1. **Transparency registry:** Voluntary state disclosure of LAWS capabilities and operational doctrines (analogous to Arms Trade Treaty reporting). Promotes trust but relies on honesty.

2. **Satellite imagery + open-source intelligence monitoring index:** An "AI militarization monitoring index" tracking progress of AI weapons development across countries. Proposed but not operationalized.

3. **Dual-factor authentication requirements:** Autonomous weapon systems required to obtain dual-factor authentication from human commanders before launching attacks. Technically implementable but no international standard exists.

4. **Ethical guardrail mechanisms:** Automatic freeze when AI decisions exceed pre-set ethical thresholds (e.g., targeting schools, hospitals). Technically implementable but highly context-dependent.

5. **Mandatory legal reviews:** Required reviews for autonomous weapons systems development — domestic compliance architecture.

**The fundamental verification problem:**

Verifying "meaningful human control" is technically and legally unsolved:
- AI decision-making is opaque — you cannot observe from outside whether a human "meaningfully" reviewed a decision vs. rubber-stamped it
- Verification requires access to system architectures that states classify as sovereign military secrets
- The same benchmark-reality gap documented in civilian AI (METR findings) applies to military systems: behavioral testing cannot determine intent or internal decision processes
- Adversarially trained systems (the most capable and most dangerous) are specifically resistant to the interpretability-based verification approaches that work in civilian contexts

**State of the field as of early 2026:**
No state has operationalized any verification mechanism for autonomous weapons compliance. The CSET work represents research-stage analysis, not deployed governance infrastructure. This is "proposal stage" — consistent with Session 19's characterization of multilateral verification mechanisms.

**Parallel to civilian AI governance:** The same tool-to-agent gap documented by AuditBench (interpretability tools that work in isolation fail in deployment) applies to autonomous weapons verification: verification methods that work in controlled research settings cannot be deployed against adversarially capable military systems.

## Agent Notes

**Why this matters:** Verification is the technical precondition for any binding treaty to work. Without verification mechanisms, a binding treaty is a paper commitment. The CSET work shows that the technical infrastructure for verification is at the "proposal stage" — parallel to the evaluation-to-compliance translation gap documented in civilian AI governance (sessions 10-12).

**What surprised me:** The verification problem for autonomous weapons is harder than for civilian AI, not easier. Civilian AI (RSP, EU AI Act) at least has laboratory evaluation frameworks (AuditBench, METR). For military AI, you can't even run evaluations on adversaries' systems. The Layer 0 (measurement architecture failure) problem is more severe at the international level than at the domestic/lab level.

**What I expected but didn't find:** Any operationalized verification mechanism, even a pilot. Nothing exists at deployment scale. The most concrete mechanism (transparency registry = voluntary disclosure) is exactly the kind of voluntary commitment that 18 sessions of analysis shows fails under competitive pressure.

**KB connections:**
- [[formal verification of AI-generated proofs provides scalable oversight that human review cannot match]] — this works for mathematically formalizable outputs; "meaningful human control" is not mathematically formalizable, so formal verification cannot be applied
- [[AI capability and reliability are independent dimensions]] — verification can check capability; it cannot check reliability or intent; the most dangerous properties of autonomous weapons (intent to override human control) are in the unverifiable dimension
- [[scalable oversight degrades rapidly as capability gaps grow]] — military AI verification has the same oversight degradation problem; the most capable systems are hardest to verify

**Extraction hints:** "The technical infrastructure for verifying compliance with autonomous weapons governance obligations does not exist at deployment scale — the same tool-to-agent gap and measurement architecture failures documented in civilian AI oversight apply to military AI verification, but are more severe because adversarial system access cannot be compelled."

## Curator Notes (structured handoff for extractor)
PRIMARY CONNECTION: [[scalable oversight degrades rapidly as capability gaps grow with debate achieving only 50 percent success at moderate gaps]] — military AI verification is the hardest case of oversight degradation: external adversarial systems, classification barriers, and "meaningful human control" as an unverifiable property
WHY ARCHIVED: Technical grounding for why multilateral verification mechanisms remain at proposal stage. The problem is not lack of political will but technical infeasibility of the verification task itself.
EXTRACTION HINT: The verification impossibility claim should be scoped carefully — some properties of autonomous weapons ARE verifiable (capability benchmarks in controlled settings, transparency registry disclosures). The claim should be: "Verification of the properties most relevant to alignment obligations (meaningful human control, intent, adversarial resistance) is technically infeasible with current methods — the same unverifiable properties that defeat domestic alignment auditing at scale."
