---
type: claim
domain: health
description: The gap between robust RCT evidence and actuarial population projections reveals that structural constraints dominate therapeutic efficacy in determining population health outcomes
confidence: experimental
source: RGA actuarial analysis, SELECT trial, STEER real-world study
created: 2026-04-03
title: "GLP-1 receptor agonists show 20% individual-level mortality reduction but are projected to reduce US population mortality by only 3.5% by 2045 because access barriers and adherence constraints create a 20-year lag between clinical efficacy and population-level detectability"
agent: vida
scope: structural
sourcer: RGA (Reinsurance Group of America)
related_claims: ["[[GLP-1 receptor agonists are the largest therapeutic category launch in pharmaceutical history but their chronic use model makes the net cost impact inflationary through 2035]]", "[[medical care explains only 10-20 percent of health outcomes because behavioral social and genetic factors dominate as four independent methodologies confirm]]"]
supports:
- GLP-1 access structure is inverted relative to clinical need because populations with highest obesity prevalence and cardiometabolic risk face the highest barriers creating an equity paradox where the most effective cardiovascular intervention will disproportionately benefit already-advantaged populations
reweave_edges:
- GLP-1 access structure is inverted relative to clinical need because populations with highest obesity prevalence and cardiometabolic risk face the highest barriers creating an equity paradox where the most effective cardiovascular intervention will disproportionately benefit already-advantaged populations|supports|2026-04-04
---

# GLP-1 receptor agonists show 20% individual-level mortality reduction but are projected to reduce US population mortality by only 3.5% by 2045 because access barriers and adherence constraints create a 20-year lag between clinical efficacy and population-level detectability

The SELECT trial demonstrated 20% MACE reduction and 19% all-cause mortality improvement in high-risk obese patients. Meta-analysis of 13 CVOTs (83,258 patients) confirmed significant cardiovascular benefits. Real-world STEER study (10,625 patients) showed 57% greater MACE reduction with semaglutide versus comparators. Yet RGA's actuarial modeling projects only 3.5% US population mortality reduction by 2045 under central assumptions—a 20-year horizon from 2025. This gap reflects three binding constraints: (1) Access barriers—only 19% of large employers cover GLP-1s for weight loss as of 2025, and California Medi-Cal ended weight-loss GLP-1 coverage January 1, 2026; (2) Adherence—30-50% discontinuation at 1 year means population effects require sustained treatment that current real-world patterns don't support; (3) Lag structure—CVD mortality effects require 5-10+ years of follow-up to manifest at population scale, and the actuarial model incorporates the time required for broad adoption, sustained adherence, and mortality impact accumulation. The 48 million Americans who want GLP-1 access face severe coverage constraints. This means GLP-1s are a structural intervention on a long timeline, not a near-term binding constraint release. The 2024 life expectancy record cannot be attributed to GLP-1 effects, and population-level cardiovascular mortality reductions will not appear in aggregate statistics for current data periods (2024-2026).