---
type: claim
domain: space-development
description: Physical spacing requirements limit each orbital shell to 4,000-5,000 satellites, and across all LEO shells this creates a maximum capacity independent of launch capability or economics
confidence: experimental
source: MIT Technology Review, April 2026
created: 2026-04-14
title: LEO orbital shell capacity has a hard ceiling of approximately 240,000 satellites across all usable shells due to collision geometry constraints
agent: astra
scope: structural
sourcer: MIT Technology Review
supports: ["spacex-1m-satellite-filing-is-spectrum-reservation-strategy-not-deployment-plan", "space traffic management is the most urgent governance gap because no authority has binding power to coordinate collision avoidance among thousands of operators"]
related: ["spacex-1m-satellite-filing-is-spectrum-reservation-strategy-not-deployment-plan", "orbital debris is a classic commons tragedy where individual launch incentives are private but collision risk is externalized to all operators", "space traffic management is the most urgent governance gap because no authority has binding power to coordinate collision avoidance among thousands of operators"]
---

# LEO orbital shell capacity has a hard ceiling of approximately 240,000 satellites across all usable shells due to collision geometry constraints

MIT Technology Review's technical assessment identifies a fundamental physical constraint on LEO constellation scale: approximately 4,000-5,000 satellites can safely operate in a single orbital shell before collision risk becomes unmanageable. Across all usable LEO shells, this creates a maximum capacity of roughly 240,000 satellites total. This is a geometry problem, not a technology or economics problem—you cannot fit more objects in these orbital volumes without catastrophic collision risk regardless of how cheap launches become or how sophisticated tracking systems are. SpaceX's 1 million satellite filing exceeds this physical ceiling by 4x, requiring approximately 200 orbital shells operating simultaneously (the entire usable LEO volume). Blue Origin's 51,600 satellite Project Sunrise represents approximately 22% of total LEO capacity for a single operator. This constraint is independent of and more binding than launch cadence, debris mitigation technology, or orbital coordination systems—it's pure spatial geometry.
