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2 KiB
Space Data Network (SDN)
Type: Protocol/Architecture
Domain: Space Development
Sponsor: U.S. Space Force, Air Force Research Laboratory
Status: Active development
Overview
The Space Data Network (SDN) is the Pentagon's multi-orbit satellite communications architecture designed to provide real-time sensor-to-shooter connectivity for the Golden Dome missile defense system. The SDN is envisioned as "a space-based internet" integrating classified military and unclassified commercial communications satellites with missile warning/tracking sensors, GPS satellites, and distributed data processing capabilities.
Architecture
The SDN comprises:
- Multi-orbit hybrid satellite constellation (military and commercial)
- Interlinked communications satellites across orbits
- Missile warning and tracking sensors
- Position, navigation, and timing (GPS) satellites
- Distributed on-orbit data processing nodes
- AI-enabled network orchestration
Relationship to Golden Dome
The SDA's Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA) is described as "a prerequisite for the modern Golden Dome program." The PWSA "would rely on space-based data processing to continuously track targets," establishing orbital compute as a technical requirement rather than a design preference.
Timeline
- 2026-03 — Breaking Defense reports SDN architecture details; AFRL contracts Aalyria for AI-enabled network orchestration capabilities; Golden Dome budget increases by $10B to $185B to expand space-based sensors and data systems
Significance
The SDN represents the clearest technical specification of why Golden Dome requires orbital data processing: sensor-to-shooter latency constraints for missile defense make ground-based processing architecturally infeasible. The architecture is structurally identical to commercial orbital data center designs, creating potential for dual-use infrastructure.
Sources
- Breaking Defense, March 2026: Pentagon's Space Data Network architecture